M.S. Sajid, A. Tonsi and M.K. Baig
The purpose of this article is to discuss the value of health‐related quality of life (HR‐QOL) measurement and describe its development with a few examples.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to discuss the value of health‐related quality of life (HR‐QOL) measurement and describe its development with a few examples.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology is a literature review of various articles published in the last 25 years on health‐related quality of life.
Findings
HR‐QOL tools are health status instruments, which are utilized to assess the changes in the health status of patients. These surveys are of increasingly importance as healthcare providers are challenged to justify treatment approaches and rationale for any intervention. Objective criteria can be used to determine whether there is clinical evidence of disease. However, the impact of disease on the individual's life is not included in such a clinical assessment. The use of validated and reliable health instruments is directed at measuring this impact in a reproducible and valid fashion. In patient‐centred research, “experimental” conditions are constantly changing because human beings with values, feelings, perspectives and social relationships are being treated. It is especially important to use valid measurement tools when assessing these impacts.
Originality/value
This article is written from the authors' own experience and knowledge and adds those benefits to the literature already available.
Details
Keywords
The purpose of the paper is to showcase the significant achievements of Egypt's scientists in the 20th century across various fields of study such as medicine, physics, chemistry…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to showcase the significant achievements of Egypt's scientists in the 20th century across various fields of study such as medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, math, geology, astronomy and engineering. The paper highlights the struggles and successes of these scientists, as well as the cultural, social and political factors that influenced their lives and work. The aim is to inspire young people to pursue careers in science and make their own contributions to society by presenting these scientists as role models for hard work and dedication. Ultimately, the paper seeks to promote the importance of science and its impact on society.
Design/methodology/approach
The purpose of this review is to present the scientific biographies of Egypt's most distinguished scientists, primarily in the field of Natural Sciences, in a balanced and comprehensive manner. The work is objective, honest and abstract, avoiding any bias or exaggeration. The author provides a clear and concise methodology, including a brief introduction to the scientist and their field of study, an explanation of their major contributions, the impact of their work on society, any challenges or obstacles faced during their career and their lasting legacy. The aim is to showcase the important achievements of these scientists, their impact on their respective fields and to inspire future generations to pursue scientific careers.
Findings
The group of outstanding scientists in 20th century Egypt were shaped by various factors, including familial upbringing, education, society, political and cultural atmosphere and state support for scientific research. These scientists made significant contributions to various academic disciplines, including medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and engineering. Their impact on their communities and cultures has received international acclaim, making them role models for future generations of scientists and researchers. The history of these scientists highlights the importance of educational investments and supporting scientific research to foster innovation and social progress. The encyclopedia serves as a useful tool for students, instructors and education professionals, preserving Egypt's scientific heritage and honouring the scientists' outstanding accomplishments.
Research limitations/implications
The encyclopedia preserves Egypt's scientific heritage, which has been overlooked for political or other reasons. It is a useful tool for a variety of readers, including students, instructors and education professionals, and it offers insights into universally relevant scientific success factors as well as scientific research methodologies. The encyclopedia honours the outstanding scientific accomplishments of Egyptian researchers and their contributions to the world's scientific community.
Practical implications
The practical implications of this paper are several. First, it highlights the importance of education, family upbringing and societal support for scientific research in fostering innovation and social progress. Second, it underscores the need for continued funding and support for scientific research to maintain and build upon the accomplishments of past generations of scientists. Third, it encourages young people to pursue scientific careers and make their own contributions to society. Fourth, it preserves the scientific heritage of Egypt and honors the contributions of its outstanding scientists. Finally, it serves as a useful tool for students, instructors and education professionals seeking to understand the factors underlying scientific success and research methodologies.
Social implications
The social implications of the paper include promoting national pride and cultural identity, raising awareness of the importance of education and scientific research in driving social progress, inspiring future generations of scientists and researchers, reducing socioeconomic disparities and emphasizing the role of society, politics and culture in shaping scientific researchers' personalities and interests.
Originality/value
The paper's originality/value lies in its comprehensive documentation of the scientific biographies of Egypt's most prominent scientists in the 20th century, providing unique insights into the factors that contributed to their development and their impact across various academic disciplines. It preserves Egypt's scientific heritage and inspires future generations of scientists and researchers through the promotion of educational investments and scientific research. The encyclopedia serves as a useful tool for education professionals seeking to understand scientific success factors and research methodologies, emphasizing the importance of supportive and inclusive environments for scientific development.
Details
Keywords
Auditing, accounting, finance, control.
Abstract
Subject area
Auditing, accounting, finance, control.
Study level/applicability
Upper level undergraduate, MBA, MS accounting.
Case overview
This case takes an internal approach by exploring how PricewaterhouseCoopers - Egypt develops and applies industry specialization in an emerging market such as Egypt. The case focuses on three aspects of specialization. First, the strategic drivers behind specialization. Second, the internal processes of building industry-specific knowledge. Finally, the costs and benefits of specialization.
Expected learning outcomes
Industry specialization is a strategy:
Specialization is a strategy primarily used by Big 4 auditing firms, such as PwC-Egypt as a means of differentiating it self from the market.
Specialization is a strategy primarily used by Big 4 auditing firms, such as PwC-Egypt as a means of differentiating it self from the market.
Industry specialization is a culture:
For specialization to be fully effective a learning culture should be in place in which firm personnel are committed to continually seek new in-depth knowledge about clients and their industries.
For specialization to be fully effective a learning culture should be in place in which firm personnel are committed to continually seek new in-depth knowledge about clients and their industries.
Human resources are the most valuable asset of auditing firms:
Auditing is a service that involves extensive professional judgment. Thus, knowledge and expertise of its personnel is what differentiates one auditing firm's staff from another.
Auditing is a service that involves extensive professional judgment. Thus, knowledge and expertise of its personnel is what differentiates one auditing firm's staff from another.
Supplementary materials
Teaching notes.
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Keywords
J.M. Brauer and W.T. Chen
This paper describes some recent innovations in design, process and materials in printed circuit laminate technology, which can lead to significant paradigm shifts in the design…
Abstract
This paper describes some recent innovations in design, process and materials in printed circuit laminate technology, which can lead to significant paradigm shifts in the design and application of electronic products. The traditional roles for printed circuit cards and boards have been to provide wiring interconnection capacity, and a robust mechanical structure for the more delicate and costly chips and modules. The advent of surface mount technology eliminated the need for plated‐through holes as anchors for pinned components. The proliferation of light, high performance, multifunction electronic products will lead to light weight, small, low profile printed circuit assemblies. Adding a redistribution layer to the traditional card surface allows flip‐chip‐on‐board and MCM‐L packages as a low‐cost alternative to traditional high density MCM packages, particularly in applications where size, shape and weight are as important as density and performance. Concurrent with the deliberate evolution of traditional printed circuit technology, some important new materials and process innovations have brought about a new generation of laminate capabilities that are particularly important for the future high I/O requirements predicted for the second part of this decade.