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There is an unbalanced magnetic pull between the rotor and stator of the cage induction motor when the rotor is not concentric with the stator. These forces depend on the position and motion of the centre point of the rotor. In this paper, the linearity of the forces in proportion to the rotor eccentricity is studied numerically using time‐stepping finite element analysis. The results show that usually the forces are linear in proportion to the rotor eccentricity. However, the closed rotor slots may break the spatial linearity at some operation conditions of the motor.

To propose an air‐gap element for electrical machine simulation which accounts for static and dynamic rotor eccentricity.

The air‐gap element technique is extended to account for a non‐centered rotor. The consistency, stability and convergence of the discretisation error are studied. A specialized efficient solution technique combining the conjugate gradient algorithm with fast Fourier transforms is developed.

The eccentric air‐gap technique offers better discretisation properties than the classical techniques based on remeshing. Thanks to the specialized solver, the computation times remain comparable.

The introduction of eccentricity in the air‐gap element used for finite element electrical machine simulation is a new development.

To study the inclusion of inter‐bar (IB) currents in a multi‐slice finite element (FE) model of induction motors and in particular the effect of the associated skew discretisation. To validate the model experimentally.

Both a classical uniform distribution and a gauss distribution of the slices and the lumped IB resistances are considered. Measurements on a 3 kW induction motor allows one to estimate its IB resistance and to validate the FE model.

A gauss distribution of the slices allows one to use fewer slices and thus reduces the computational cost. The simulation results show that, at full load, skew changes the different loss components significantly, while the IB currents have a minor effect.

The direct measurement of the IB resistance is by no means trivial. In the frame of this paper, it was indirectly determined, namely by means of a short‐circuit test.

The gauss distribution of the slices and the IB resistance; the systematic study of the skew discretisation; the experimental determination of the IB resistance.

The purpose of this paper is to create a cost model at the general equipment level for industrial maintenance services.

The study is divided into two main sections. In the first phase the idea is to create a framework for a cost model with a literature review. The second, empirical part of the study is based on costing information from interviews and information given by network companies: a pulp mill, a maintenance company and an equipment provider. The maintenance of three different equipment processes is examined in the network through a case study, to get more specific information from real world situations to develop the model.

The findings concern the cost items that should be considered in the model, the structure of the model, and how the general cost model is constructed. During the research the model has been extended, and new cost categories included.

The cost model can be used in various performance measurement and decision‐making situations, such as maintenance service pricing, contract negotiations, outsourcing decisions, and life cycle cost management.

The cost model differs from traditional cost models. Earlier models have focused on the perspective of either the service provider or the customer, but not on both perspectives at the same time. However, in order to achieve a win‐win situation in a business network, open books practice is expected from each member of the network.

Purpose – Network‐level collaboration between different organisations is acknowledged to be one of the success factors in achieving a competitive advantage in business. However, contemporary business environments demand more suitable managerial tools and practices at both organisational and network levels. The purpose of this paper is to summarize approaches to managing and developing network‐level processes. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical evidence is based on a multiple case study on leadership and performance management in a network environment. The empirical data were gathered in 18 semi‐structured interviews at the case companies. The cases were chosen because they represent different types of networks, which make it possible to identify common factors in leadership and performance management regardless of the specific characteristics of any certain type of network. Findings – The findings of this study support the assumption that the networked way of doing business needs a shared management perspective that discusses and leads operations of the network. Furthermore, there is little point in designing measurements and other managerial tools in the organisations, if the culture and leadership behaviour are not committed to changes and collaboration. Research limitations/implications – Future studies will include in a wider way the roles of networking when more individuals are engaged in the action and the objectives of the participants are achieved. Although the creation of the network is an on‐going process, the preliminary results are promising. Practical implications – The study reveals significant requirements that contribute to successfully establishing collaborative networking, and the development of knowledge sharing, leadership and managerial procedures and systems. Originality/value – The potential value of this research paper is in its function as a summary for organisation scholars looking for approaches to manage and develop network‐level processes. Even though the networking trend itself has received a lot of researcher attention, collaboration between different organisations influenced by a combination of transformational leadership and performance management has not been much noticed.

Purpose: With this study, the authors aim to highlight the application of machine learning in smart appliances used in our day-to-day activities. This chapter focuses on analysing intelligent devices used in our daily lives to examine various machine learning models that can be applied to make an appliance ‘intelligent’ and discuss the different pros and cons of the implementation.

Methodology: Most smart appliances need machine learning models to decrypt the meaning and functioning behind the sensor’s data to execute accurate predictions and come to appropriate conclusions.

Findings: The future holds endless possibilities for devices to be connected in different ways, and these devices will be in our homes, offices, industries and even vehicles that can connect each other. The massive number of connected devices could congest the network; hence there is necessary to incorporate intelligence on end devices using machine learning algorithms. The connected devices that allow automatic control appliance driven by the user’s preference would avail itself to use the Network to communicate with devices close to its proximity or use other channels to liaise with external utility systems. Data processing is facilitated through edge devices, and machine learning algorithms can be applied.

Significance: This chapter overviews smart appliances that use machine learning at the edge. It highlights the effects of using these appliances and how they raise the overall living standards when smarter cities are introduced by integrating such devices.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how a performance measurement system (PMS) can be designed for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in a turbulent environment. The current models and frameworks for the design and implementation of a PMS are for large companies; these traditional design and implementation processes are too multi-stage and long term for SMEs operating in a rapidly changing environment.

The study constructs a conceptual framework based on the performance measurement and management literature and empirical evidence from a longitudinal case study. Interviews, an analysis of strategic documents and documentation of the prevailing measurement system were conducted.

The study results reveal the framework for a flexible PMS design. In the framework, the PMS consists of core permanent measures that control the profitability of the company and supportive measures of the realisation of strategic targets. The supportive measures change and develop along with the strategy.

The study provides new understanding about the performance measurement design process in SMEs operating in a turbulent environment. The existing literature presents performance measurement design and implementation process models for large organisations, but these frameworks are too multi-stage and long term for SMEs.

To develop a practical design tool employing a general purpose electromagnetic finite element (FE) software package to perform automated simulation and performance analysis of induction motors in a design and optimisation process.

Recent publications identified a suitable approach in applying 2D finite‐element analysis to 3D problems. This, together with other similar work carried out on brushless DC motors, set out a framework for program development. Performance of the program was validated against practical test data.

Finite‐element analysis‐based design tools can be realistically employed within a design office environment and are capable of providing solutions within acceptable time scales. Such tools no longer require user expertise in the underlying FE modelling method. The multiple slice technique was employed to model skew in three‐phase induction motors and it was established that a four‐slice model provides a good balance between accuracy and speed of computation.

Program development was based on one commercial FE software package and comparison with practical test data was not exhaustive. However, the approach outlined confirms the practical application. Future work could consider alternative approaches to optimisation.

Computing hardware and commercially available 2D FE software have developed sufficiently to enable multi‐slice techniques and optimisation to be employed in the analysis and design of machines.

This paper provides a practical illustration of how commercial electromagnetic software can be employed as a design tool, demonstrating to industry that such tools no longer need to be bespoke and can realistically be used within a design office.

For the electromagnetic simulation of electrical machines, models with different ranges of values, levels of detail and accuracies are used. In this paper, numerical and two analytical models of an induction machine (IM) are analysed with respect to these aspects. The purpose of the paper is to use these analyses to discuss the suitability of the models for the simulation of various physical quantities of an IM.

An exemplary IM is simulated using the two-dimensional numerical finite element method, an analytical harmonic wave model (HWM) and an extended HWM. The simulation results are analyzed among themselves in terms of their level of detail and accuracy. Furthermore, the results of operating map simulations are compared with measured operating maps of the exemplary machine, and the accuracy of the simulation approaches is discussed in the context of measurement deviations and uncertainties.

The difference in the accuracy of the machine models depends on the physical quantity of interest. Therefore, the choice of the simulation method depends on the nature of the problem and the expected range of results. For modeling global machine quantities, such as mean torque or losses, analytical methods such as the HWM s are sufficient in many applications because the simulation results are within the range of measurement accuracy of current measurement systems. Analytical methods are also suitable for local flux density curves under certain conditions. However, for the simulation of the influence of local physical effects on the machine behavior and of temporally highly resolved quantities in saturated operating points, the accuracy of the analytical models decreases and the use of the finite element method becomes necessary.

In this paper, an extension of the HWM is used to calculate the IM, which, in contrast to the HWM, models the saturation. Furthermore, the simulation results of the different electromagnetic IM models are put into the context of the uncertainty of a measurement of several identical IMs.

The purpose of this paper is to present an afterword to Steenkamp’s reflections on the future of globalization published in this issue of International Marketing Review.

The paper is a commentary.

Through examples and arguments, the comment emphasizes the need to think locally even when pursuing global strategies, and raises the question of whether global consumer culture is desirable.

The comment builds on Steenkamp’s essay, and asks unique questions that global consumer culture scholars need to reflect upon.