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Until now there has been little attention paid to the emotional costs of innovation failures, and in particular, how prior innovation failures hinder subsequent new, related innovation. The saga of Sun Microsystems' Sun Ray computer illustrates the devastating impact of institutional innovation failure trauma. This paper aims to investigate its development.

The authors trace the development of Sun Microsystem's Sun Ray offering, which replaced its failed JavaStation product. As it was launched, the Sun Ray endeavor encountered the classic “innovator's dilemma” problems that are well known to those who attempt to champion disruptive innovations.

But despite its many strong competitive advantages, the Sun Ray computer has unsuccessfully struggled to catch hold with customers. To a large degree the causes are Sun Microsystems' inability to learn from its earlier innovative JavaStation failure and to recover from the trauma of that failure.

To understand Sun Ray's story, the authors interviewed nearly 40 key people and compiled nearly 300 documents, from internal memos to market analyses to press releases to meeting minutes.

Companies can develop proactive management practices to prevent major trauma and consequent innovation paralysis. Six ways to do so are offered.

This is a study of a radical innovation that could have changed computing history. But Sun Ray, Sun's computing innovation was too closely associated with an earlier, highly traumatic and publicized failure of JavaStation and never really got a chance to prove its mettle. Overcoming such innovation trauma is a critical but underappreciated aspect of innovation management in companies such as Sun Microsystems that depend on continuous innovation for their competitiveness.

X‐ray laminography, a tomographic technique that can examine individual planes of focus within a 3‐D structure, promises to be an excellent method of inspecting complicated circuit boards. The technique has accuracy appropriate for circuit board inspection, but the application has been limited by the requirements of synchronized motion of the source and detector, a sophisticated X‐ray device and a huge image acquiring system. A new translational laminography system is presented. The X‐ray source and detector described are stationary. Translation of the XY table is only the mechanical motion required to generate the laminographic image. Based on this system, a new image separation algorithm is also explained. This algorithm uses a recursive process with a simple mathematical function, which is derived analytically by the X‐ray projection geometry. To evaluate the proposed method, an X‐ray imaging system has been constructed. From the test sample experiments, it is confirmed that the proposed algorithm allows cleanly separated images with fewer artifacts than the one obtained by conventional laminography.

The purpose of this paper is to present improvements in X‐ray equipment, which are leading to wider use.

Developments in X‐ray sources and detectors are described. This is followed by a review of the more innovative equipment available for security and industrial applications.

Technological developments have produced smaller, lighter X‐ray systems and extended their applications to on‐site work. Multiple wavelength systems distinguish between different materials, and stereo systems remove ambiguities from X‐ray security imaging and allow 3D gauging of industrial components.

The paper highlights the availability of portable X‐ray systems and explains the underlying technology.

This paper aims to imitate a cownose ray to develop a fish robot with paired flexible multi-fin-ray oscillating pectoral fins (OPFs) and control it to accomplish vivid stable 3-D motions using central pattern generators (CPGs) and fuzzy algorithm.

The cownose ray’s asymmetric sine-like oscillations were analyzed. Then a cownose-ray-like fish robot named Robo-ray was developed, which has paired flexible multi-fin-ray OPFs to actively control the fin shape and two tail fins to control the depth. To solve the problem of coordinated control for multi-degree-of-freedom Robo-ray, CPGs were adopted. An improved phase oscillator as a CPG unit with controlled amplitude, phase lag, smooth frequency transition and asymmetric oscillation characteristic was established. Furthermore, the CPG-fuzzy algorithm was developed for vivid stable 3-D motions. The open-loop speed control, the closed-loop control of depth and yaw were established.

The kinematic comparisons indicate that Robo-ray imitates the cownose ray realistically. The experimental results of closed-loop are obtained that the depth error of Robo-ray is less than ±100 mm and the course error is less than ±3°. Furthermore, the comprehensive experiments demonstrate that Robo-ray has high mobility, stability and robustness.

This research makes the fish robot with OPF propulsion closer to practical applications in complex underwater environment, for instance, ocean explorations, water quality monitoring and stealth military reconnaissance. In addition, Robo-ray can be taken as a scientific tool for better understanding of the hydrodynamics of OPF batoid.

The aim is to focus on the application of X‐rays in the failure analysis of electronic devices and systems, with an emphasis on X‐ray radiography and X‐ray spectroscopy.

The theory behind X‐ray radiography and X‐ray spectroscopy is reviewed, and relevant case studies are used to illustrate the application of these techniques in the failure analysis of electronic devices and systems.

Examples from recent case studies are given.

The paper provides an introduction to X‐ray methods for engineers working on the failure analysis of electronic devices and systems who may be unfamiliar with these techniques.

Raja Ampat, located in West Papua – Indonesia, is renowned as a favoured tourist destination for manta ray tourism. In the years following the pandemic, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of visitors. Despite the benefits from tourists' expenditures, however, managing the influx of tourists poses an ongoing challenge in promoting sustainable tourism. This chapter focuses on carrying capacity studies examining manta ray tourism's economic, social and physical aspects in the Dampier Strait – Raja Ampat. Data was collected through on-site observations, interviews and surveys. The study aims to contribute to efforts and actions to reduce adverse effects on manta ray populations and their environments while advancing conservation, educational initiatives and responsible tourism practices for manta ray sustainable tourism. In summary, recommendations for sustainable tourism practices are proposed, including collaboration between stakeholders to continue research and monitoring, enforce guidelines and support conservation initiatives.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new method of evaluating the present state of X‐ray machines used in the electronics device manufacturing industry.

There are several kinds of failures that can only be detected by means of X‐ray inspection. The capabilities and properties of such machines, however, alter over a period of time. The effects of these changes are rarely published and when they are, the significance and reliability of the results produced depends very much on the state and capabilities of the machines in question.

The effectiveness and appropriateness of the present methods of calibration have been investigated. The optimization of the prevalence and effectiveness of these calibrations is described. Suggestions are also made as to the necessary adjustments or repairs that are required to reach the ideal optimized state of X‐ray machines. A scientifically substantiated method is also presented that can be efficiently employed in practise during automated X‐ray inspections of electronic devices.

In this paper, a new method of testing automated X‐ray inspection systems is introduced. It is clear that the method currently used by many engineers and inspection system manufacturers is not in itself sufficient, as they do not test grey‐scale and positioning stability in relation to changes that occur over time. Further, there is no evidence that numerical testing of the image quality takes place. Detailed investigations have been carried out to find the best methods to measure these parameters.

This paper aims to develop a robofish with oscillating pectoral fins, and control it to mimic the bionic prototype by central pattern generators (CPGs).

First, the oscillation characteristics of the cownose ray were analyzed quantitatively. Second, a robofish with multi-joint pectoral fins was developed according to the bionic morphology and kinematics. Third, the improved phase oscillator was established, which contains a spatial asymmetric coefficient and a temporal asymmetric coefficient. Moreover, the CPG network is created to mimic the cownose ray and accomplish three-dimensional (3D) motions. Finally, the experiments were done to test the authors ' works.

The results demonstrate that the CPGs is effective to control the robofish to imitate the cownose ray realistically. In addition, the robofish is able to accomplish 3D motions of high maneuverability, and change among different swimming modes quickly and smoothly.

The research provides the method to develop a robofish from both 3D morphology and kinematics. The motion analysis and CPG control make sure that the robofish has the features of high maneuverability and camouflage. It is useful for military underwater applications and underwater detections in narrow environments. Second, this work lays the foundation for the autonomous 3D control. Moreover, the robotic fish can be taken as a scientific tool for the fluid bionics research.

This paper aims to examine how previous innovation failures hindered subsequent related innovation at Sun Microsystems. It also aims to concentrate on the human resource management aspects.

The paper traces the development of the Sun Microsystems Sun Ray offering, which followed its failed JavaStation product. It describes how the Sun Ray endeavour encountered the classic “innovator's dilemma” problems, well known to those who attempt to champion disruptive innovations.

Reveals that, despite its many strong competitive advantages, the Sun Ray computer has struggled to catch hold with customers, largely because of the company's inability to learn from its earlier JavaStation failure and to recover from the trauma of that failure.

Presents management practices to prevent major trauma and consequent innovation paralysis.

Contends that Sun Ray was too closely associated with the earlier, highly traumatic and publicized failure of JavaStation and never really got a chance to prove its mettle. Overcoming such innovation trauma is a critical but under‐appreciated aspect of innovation management in companies that depend on continuous innovation for their competitiveness.