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The purpose of this paper is to identify a new and simple two‐end algorithm for fault location identification and characterization, in electrical distribution systems.

The developed diagnostic algorithm is based on a simple model of the network using a lumped parameters representation.

Test results have proved the approach to be efficient, allowing a precise fault identification and location while not requiring synchronized measures from the two ends.

There is a need for measurement systems at all MV/LV substations.

Applicability with limited investments is not possible where metering systems are not so diffused, although smart grids and DG units require such infrastructures. Moreover, utilities are quite interested in such issues, since the new required quality standards put severe constraints on faults management and clearance.

The paper presents a new and easier diagnostic algorithm for faults diagnosis in distribution systems.

Identify a new methodology for fault characterization, identification and location in electrical distribution systems, based on the use of matrix algebra.

The developed diagnostic methodology is based on a high precision analytical model of the network using a distributed parameters representation.

Test results have proved the approach to be efficient and precise, while providing a generalized quadripolar model of a line affected by the most common kinds of fault.

Generalization to a greater number of fault cases, experimental tests.

Utilities are quite interested in such items, since the new required quality standards put severe constraints on faults management and clearance. On the other hand, the system requires a rather complete measurement equipment of secondary substations.

The paper presents a new diagnostic technique for faults identification, location and characterization in distribution systems.

The purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical model for studying the effects of the interconnection through bare‐buried conductors (BBC) of the secondary substations' earthing system of an urban area.

The developed methodology is based on three main points: the solution of the transmission lines' equations for the formulation of a lumped parameters model of a BBC considering the conductive effect; the division of the distribution network into simpler sub‐systems; and the calculation of all the voltages and currents of the medium voltage (MV) network and of the earthing systems using a multiport approach.

The methodology has been applied to various situations giving precious information on the behaviour of the earthing systems interconnected by means of BBC in presence of conductive effect. The results of the simulation allow to quantify the reduction of the dangerous voltages appearing during an earth fault, in presence of interconnection between the secondary substations' earthing systems, realized by means of BBC.

Some factors can influence the precision of the methodology. Indeed, for a correct simulation of the system it is necessary to know several electrical and geometrical parameters, among all the resistivity of the soil that, often, is known with a large degree of uncertainty.

Utilities are quite interested in this topic. The study of interconnected earthing systems in MV networks with the purpose of identifying safe extended areas named global earthing systems (GES) has important management and economic consequences.

The paper presents an original lumped parameters model of the BBC, able to simulate these elements with a high accuracy, also in presence of the conductive effect, and that can be easily included in the more general model of a distribution line, in order to perform the analytical study of the GES in MV networks. The model proposed allows one to overcome the limits of the application to the MV networks of similar models present in the literature for the study of the same topic in the high‐voltage networks.

The purpose of this paper is to define a new methodology for studying interconnected earthing system inside unearthed medium voltage (MV) networks.

The developed methodology is based on the division of the MV network into simpler sub‐systems and its resolution using a multiport approach.

The methodology has been applied to various situations giving precious information on the behaviour of the interconnected earthing systems. The comparison between the results of the simulations and measurements done on a really existing network has shown that the methodology is able to provide accurate results.

Some factors can influence the precision of the methodology. Indeed, for a correct simulation of the system it is necessary to know several electrical and geometrical parameters, often obtainable with difficulty.

Utilities are quite interested in this topic. The study of interconnected earthing systems in MV networks with the purpose of identifying safe extended areas named Global Earthing Systems has important management and economic consequences.

The paper presents a new analysis methodology applicable to MV networks that surpasses the limits of the analysis methodology generally applied for the study of the same topic in high voltage networks.

This paper deals with a new formulation of the optimal operation of electrical distribution networks problem in regular working state. In the new deregulated energy market providing reliable and economical service to customers is a primary task. The multiobjective formulation of the reconfiguration and compensation problem used in this paper considers as a primary object also the minimisation of the load nodes unavailability (UA) expressed in probabilistic terms. Therefore, the objectives to be attained through the optimisation strategy are: minimal power losses operation, minimum UA of the load nodes, load balancing among the HV/MV transformers, and voltage profile regularisation. The application carried out uses an evolutionary algorithm and a particular normalisation technique for the multiple objectives formulation. In the considered automated network, the remote control of capacitor banks and tie‐switches is possible and their layout is the optimisation variable. After a brief description of the optimal reconfiguration and compensation problem for automated distribution networks, the most recent papers on the topic are reported and commented. Then the problem formulation and the solution algorithm are described in detail. Finally, the test results on a large MV distribution network are reported and discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to identify faults in distribution systems which are unavoidable because of adverse weather conditions and unexpected accidents. Hence, quick fault location is vital for continuous power supply. However, most fault location methods depend on the stored database for locating fault. The database is created by simulation, which is time consuming. Therefore, in this work, a comprehensive fault location method to detect faulty section and fault distance from one-ended bus using limited simulated data is proposed.

The work uses voltage sag data measured at a primary substation. Support vector machine estimates the data which are not simulated. The possible faulty section is determined using matching approach and fault distance using mathematical analysis.

This work proposed a ranking analysis for multiple possible faulty sections, and the fault distance is calculated using Euclidean distance approach.

The research work uses Malaysian distribution system as it represents a practical distribution system with multiple branches and limited measurement at primary substation. The work requires only metering devices to identify fault which is cost effective. In addition, the distribution system is simulated using real-time PSCAD by which the capability of proposed method can be fully tested.

The paper presents a new method for fault analysis. It reduces simulation time and storage space of database. The work identifies faulty section and ranks the prior faulty section. It also identifies fault distance using a mathematical approach.

The purpose of this study is to map the intellectual structure of sustainable finance and accounting (SFA) literature by identifying the influential aspects, main research streams and future research directions in SFA.

The results are obtained using bibliometric citation analysis and content analysis to conduct a bibliometric review of the intersection of sustainable finance and sustainable accounting using a sample of 795 articles published between 1991 and November 2023.

The most influential factors in the SFA literature are identified, highlighting three primary areas of research: corporate social responsibility and environmental disclosure; financial and economic performance; and regulations and standards.

SFA has experienced rapid development in recent years. The results identify the current research domain, guide potential future research directions, serve as a reference for SFA and provide inspiration to policymakers.

SFA typically encompasses sustainable corporate business practices and investments. This study contributes to broader social impacts by promoting improved corporate practices and sustainability.

This study expands on previous research on SFA. The authors identify significant aspects of the SFA literature, such as the most studied nations, leading journals, authors and trending publications. In addition, the authors provide an overview of the three major streams of the SFA literature and propose various potential future research directions, inspiring both academic research and policymaking.