Acalugaritei networks (ANs) are multidimensional evolutionary hierarchical networks. They are called hierarchical because the sets and subsets of components correspond to…
Abstract
Acalugaritei networks (ANs) are multidimensional evolutionary hierarchical networks. They are called hierarchical because the sets and subsets of components correspond to different ranks (levels), where: the set of “inferior” rank is the subset of rank zero (j = 0) of the set of immediately “superior” rank. The sets and subsets of components will be noted Sij, where: i is the rank number of the set (i = 0,1,2,3); jis the rank number of the subset within the same set (j = 0,1,2, …, n). We will thus distinguish: \curr Sij=(S0j ⊂ S1j⊂ S2j⊂ S3j). They are called evolutionary because the most comprehensive set of components is the set of evolutionary relations. They are called multidimensional because the components of the same rank can be classified according to n dimensions (n criteria: ki where: i = 0, 1, 2,…, n). ANs are of different ranks (ANsi, where: i = 0, 1, 2,…,n). In an AN of a certain rank, the set of fundamental components is the set of sequences of ANs of subordinated ranks.
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When in‐plant and college‐based courses are run for supervisors and managers, it is conventional to use a U‐shaped seating arrangement in the training room to promote…
Abstract
When in‐plant and college‐based courses are run for supervisors and managers, it is conventional to use a U‐shaped seating arrangement in the training room to promote participation and discussion. However, at each class session, people will tend to sit with the same companions habitually, which may be more comfortable, but less productive than if they sat with different people each time.
Ho Kwan Cheung, Eden King, Alex Lindsey, Ashley Membere, Hannah M. Markell and Molly Kilcullen
Even more than 50 years after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination toward a number of groups in employment settings in the United States, workplace…
Abstract
Even more than 50 years after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination toward a number of groups in employment settings in the United States, workplace discrimination remains a persistent problem in organizations. This chapter provides a comprehensive review and analysis of contemporary theory and evidence on the nature, causes, and consequences of discrimination before synthesizing potential methods for its reduction. We note the strengths and weaknesses of this scholarship and highlight meaningful future directions. In so doing, we hope to both inform and inspire organizational and scholarly efforts to understand and eliminate workplace discrimination.
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This chapter develops a set of two-step identification methods for social interactions models with unknown networks, and discusses how the proposed methods are connected to the…
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This chapter develops a set of two-step identification methods for social interactions models with unknown networks, and discusses how the proposed methods are connected to the identification methods for models with known networks. The first step uses linear regression to identify the reduced forms. The second step decomposes the reduced forms to identify the primitive parameters. The proposed methods use panel data to identify networks. Two cases are considered: the sample exogenous vectors span Rn (long panels), and the sample exogenous vectors span a proper subspace of Rn (short panels). For the short panel case, in order to solve the sample covariance matrices’ non-invertibility problem, this chapter proposes to represent the sample vectors with respect to a basis of a lower-dimensional space so that we have fewer regression coefficients in the first step. This allows us to identify some reduced form submatrices, which provide equations for identifying the primitive parameters.
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Damian Tago, Henrik Andersson and Nicolas Treich
This study contributes to the understanding of the health effects of pesticides exposure and of how pesticides have been and should be regulated.
Abstract
Purpose
This study contributes to the understanding of the health effects of pesticides exposure and of how pesticides have been and should be regulated.
Design/methodology/approach
This study presents literature reviews for the period 2000–2013 on (i) the health effects of pesticides and on (ii) preference valuation of health risks related to pesticides, as well as a discussion of the role of benefit-cost analysis applied to pesticide regulatory measures.
Findings
This study indicates that the health literature has focused on individuals with direct exposure to pesticides, i.e. farmers, while the literature on preference valuation has focused on those with indirect exposure, i.e. consumers. The discussion highlights the need to clarify the rationale for regulating pesticides, the role of risk perceptions in benefit-cost analysis, and the importance of inter-disciplinary research in this area.
Originality/value
This study relates findings of different disciplines (health, economics, public policy) regarding pesticides, and identifies gaps for future research.
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Feng Yao, Qinling Lu, Yiguo Sun and Junsen Zhang
The authors propose to estimate a varying coefficient panel data model with different smoothing variables and fixed effects using a two-step approach. The pilot step estimates the…
Abstract
The authors propose to estimate a varying coefficient panel data model with different smoothing variables and fixed effects using a two-step approach. The pilot step estimates the varying coefficients by a series method. We then use the pilot estimates to perform a one-step backfitting through local linear kernel smoothing, which is shown to be oracle efficient in the sense of being asymptotically equivalent to the estimate knowing the other components of the varying coefficients. In both steps, the authors remove the fixed effects through properly constructed weights. The authors obtain the asymptotic properties of both the pilot and efficient estimators. The Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed estimator performs well. The authors illustrate their applicability by estimating a varying coefficient production frontier using a panel data, without assuming distributions of the efficiency and error terms.
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The 1997-98 financial crisis has had a profound effect on how East Asian economies the role of the IMF and its strategic interests relative to those of the United States in the…
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The 1997-98 financial crisis has had a profound effect on how East Asian economies the role of the IMF and its strategic interests relative to those of the United States in the international financial regime. It has prompted them to create a regional mechanism for financial and monetary cooperation, ranging from deeper policy dialogue and surveillance, to a system of financial cooperation, and common exchange rate arrangements. This paper analyses the economic and strategic motivations behind this and outlines recent developments in financial cooperation in East Asia to provide possible directions for the future.
A network of bilateral swap arrangements under the Chiang Mai Initiative(CMI) needs stronger policy dialogue and surveillance to develop into a regional financing facility, a sort of East Asian IMF. The facility plays a role as an regional lender of last resort, providing short-term funds to a member country facing a temporary liquidity shortage and for market intervention to stabilize foreign exchange rate. East Asian countries need to achieve regional exchange rate stability. In the long run, the region may develop a common currency arrangement, but it cannot be expected in the very near future because there is no convergence of macroeconomic conditions, economic structure and systems. A realistic approach would be for East Asian developing countries to adopt a currency basket system to minimize the impact of dollar/yen exchange rate volatility on their economies. Strong political will and a vision for regional integration will be required to introduce it.
Amir Norouzzadeh, Mohammad Faraji Oskouie, Reza Ansari and Hessam Rouhi
This paper aims to combine Eringen’s micromorphic and nonlocal theories and thus develop a comprehensive size-dependent beam model capable of capturing the effects of…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to combine Eringen’s micromorphic and nonlocal theories and thus develop a comprehensive size-dependent beam model capable of capturing the effects of micro-rotational/stretch/shear degrees of freedom of material particles and nonlocality simultaneously.
Design/methodology/approach
To consider nonlocal influences, both integral (original) and differential versions of Eringen’s nonlocal theory are used. Accordingly, integral nonlocal-micromorphic and differential nonlocal-micromorphic beam models are formulated using matrix-vector relations, which are suitable for implementing in numerical approaches. A finite element (FE) formulation is also provided to solve the obtained equilibrium equations in the variational form. Timoshenko micro-/nano-beams with different boundary conditions are selected as the problem under study whose static bending is addressed.
Findings
It was shown that the paradox related to the clamped-free beam is resolved by the present integral nonlocal-micromorphic model. It was also indicated that the nonlocal effect captured by the integral model is more pronounced than that by its differential counterpart. Moreover, it was revealed that by the present approach, the softening and hardening effects, respectively, originated from the nonlocal and micromorphic theories can be considered simultaneously.
Originality/value
Developing a hybrid size-dependent Timoshenko beam model including micromorphic and nonlocal effects. Considering the nonlocal effect based on both Eringen’s integral and differential models proposing an FE approach to solve the bending problem, and resolving the paradox related to nanocantilever.
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Mina Kohansal Vajargah and Reza Ansari
The paper aims to presents a numerical analysis of free vibration of micromorphic structures subjected to various boundary conditions.
Abstract
Purpose
The paper aims to presents a numerical analysis of free vibration of micromorphic structures subjected to various boundary conditions.
Design/methodology/approach
To accomplish this objective, first, a two-dimensional (2D) micromorphic formulation is presented and the matrix representation of this formulation is given. Then, two size-dependent quadrilateral and triangular elements are developed within the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. User element subroutine (UEL) is used to implement the micromorphic elements. These non-classical elements are capable of capturing the micro-structure effects by considering the micro-motion of materials. The effects of the side length-to-length scale parameter ratio and boundary conditions on the vibration behavior of 2D micro-structures are discussed in detail. The reliability of the present finite element method (FEM) is confirmed by the convergence studies and the obtained results are validated with the results available in the literature. Also, the results of micromorphic theory (MMT) are compared with those of micropolar and classical elasticity theories.
Findings
The study found that the size effect becomes very significant when the side length of micro-structures is close to the length scale parameter.
Originality/value
The study is to analyze the free vibrations of 2D micro-structures based on MMT; to develop a 2D formulation for micromorphic continua within ABAQUS; to propose quadrilateral and triangular micromorphic elements using UEL and to investigate size effects on the vibrational behavior of micro-structures with various geometries.