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THE use of liquid oxygen as an oxidizer for various fuels in liquid rocket propellent systems is not new. Professor Goddard used liquid oxygen in his rocket experiments and the well known German V‐2 rockets used this material as an oxidizer. However, its effect on non‐metallic materials ordinarily used in rocket systems was not investigated until recent years. This investigation was prompted by phenomena which had been experienced by rocket engine and rocket aircraft manufacturers and by suppliers of the material. It was observed that when some organic materials came in intimate contact with liquid oxygen they became prone to detonation when subjected to certain impact energies. This was undoubtedly due to the formation of unstable organo‐peroxide compounds which when impacted released high levels of energy resulting in an explosion. Specifically, when liquid oxygen was accidently spilled on asphalt and inadvertently stepped on, the asphalt would often explode. Also, leather gaskets immersed in liquid oxygen and subjected to surge impact detonated with disastrous effects.

A group of n (> 1) peers are required to cooperate with each other in distributed applications on P2P overlay networks. A P2P group is distributed without a centralized controller and is scalable and heterogeneous. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to realize a scalable group in P2P overlay networks.

In a group, messages have to be causally delivered to every peer. In order to realize a scalable group, messages are ordered by taking advantage of linear time (LT) and physical time (PT) since message length is O(1). Here, each peer has to hold information on the accuracy of physical clock of each peer and minimum delay time among every pair of peers. Since the size of the information is O(n²), it is difficult for each peer to hold the information and so the authors discuss a multi‐layered model to reduce the size of group information.

Through the evaluation studies, it is shown how the size of the group information can be reduced in a multi‐layered group compared with a traditional flat group.

In this paper, the authors discuss a multi‐layered group model for a scalable group, to reduce the size of group information; and also order messages by using both the linear time and physical time.

A number of U.S. studies have documented an optimistic bias in analysts’ forecasts of earnings. This study investigates whether the optimistic bias and asymmetric behavior of forecast errors found in most U.S. studies exists in Japan. We find that for firms reporting profits, Japanese analysts’ forecasts have much greater accuracy and exhibit a small pessimistic bias in comparison to firms reporting losses, where analysts’ forecasts exhibit extremely poor accuracy and an extremely significant optimistic bias. The lack of ability to forecast losses is due to their transitory nature and not due to earnings management. Forecast accuracy and bias are not related to firm size, but are related to the magnitude of reported lossess and profits.

The screen Cauchy–Riemann (SCR)-lightlike submanifold is an important class of submanifolds of semi-Riemannian manifolds. It contains various other classes of submanifolds as its sub-cases. It has been studied under various ambient space. The purpose of this research is to study the geometry of SCR-lightlike submanifolds of metallic semi-Riemannian manifolds.

The article is divided into five sections. The first section is introductory section which represents brief overview of the conducted research of this article. The second section outlines the key results that are utilized throughout the paper. In section three, the definition of SCR-lightlike submanifold is constructed with one non-trivial example. In section four and five, the important results on integrability, totally geodesic foliations and warped product are given.

The SCR-lightlike submanifold is introduced. One non-trivial example is constructed which helps to understand the given structure. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrability and to be totally geodesic for various distributions are obtained. The necessary and sufficient conditions for induced connection on totally umbilical SCR-lightlike submanifolds to be a metric connection are discussed. Various results are found on totally umbilical SCR-lightlike submanifolds. Finally, the existence of the warped product lightlike submanifold of the type N^⊥×_λN_T is studied.

SCR-lightlike submanifolds have been explored within ambient manifolds possessing various structures, such as Kaehler, Sasakian and Kenmotsu structures. In this article, we investigate this structure on submanifolds of metallic semi-Riemannian manifolds. This original and authentic research will aid researchers in advancing the study of semi-Riemannian manifolds.

Organizational studies of time tend to be done by academic researchers rather than practitioners. This chapter builds on academic research to provide a practitioner perspective by reviewing time situated in theory and constructing two phenotypes: timescapes of business and social time. These timescapes are defined by six dimensions, each with a social and business time parameter. Organizational business and social timescapes have different functions and applications. Timescapes, with their concomitant dimensions and sets of parameters, are used differently by senior managers, middle managers, and entry-level managers. Three multi-level approaches (self, dyadic, and social relationships), composition theory, and compilation theory confirm these three managerial timescape usages. After a review of the theoretical bases of the timescape constructs and a brief discussion of the grounded, anthropological, research methodology used in the study, this chapter applies timescape theory and models to an extended time case study of the Procter & Gamble Company that frames the company's timescape understanding and use from a practitioner's view.