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The major purpose of this study was to compare the fresh chicken meat consumption structure of urban and rural households of different income levels in Van province, Turkey.

The sample size of 96 urban and 95 households were selected randomly using sampling selection method where the population is limited. The data were collected by personnel interviewing from the households in eight districts and eight villages of Van province, Turkey between 15 November 2004 and 5 March 2005. The households were classified as the lowest, medium, upper medium and the highest income groups. Independent‐samples t‐students, one‐way ANOVA, chi‐square and linear regression statistical tests were used.

The average yearly fresh chicken meat consumption per head was 19.1 and 14.6 kg for urban and rural households, respectively. According to regression test results $1,000 increase in yearly income will raise the yearly chicken meat consumption of urban and rural households by 3.8 and 8.7 kg, respectively. The income was effective on both the consumption level and behavior of households. The urban households attached more attention to habit and nutrition value variables, while the cheapness was the major factor affecting the rural households' preference of chicken meat.

The article analyzes the differences/similarities of urban and rural households in terms of consumption expenditures and consumers' behaviors towards fresh chicken meat. The paper is an original research subject as regards its potential contributions of the nutritional measures to be taken and marketing strategies to be developed in the region.

The purpose of this paper is to perform a comparative assessment of the urban and rural households’ preferences of fresh mutton meat consumption in Hakkari, Turkey.

The sample size consisted of 95 rural and 95 urban households. The data were collected from November 2007 until May 2008 intermittently. Probity and Heckman Models were used in the study.

Price elasticity of mutton meat demand was calculated as –0.242, which reveals the mutton meat is a compulsory good in the research area. Income elasticity of mutton meat was found as 0.39, which shows relatively satisfactory amount of mutton meat is consumed. However, there existed great differences in terms of mutton meat consumption per capita among the income groups.

The findings in the study may contribute to the mutton meat producers and marketers in the region when planning their production and marketing strategies.

The major aim of study was to determine the chicken meat producer's optimal selling times.

The method used for this purpose was Wald, Benefit and Regret criterions of Game Theory. The transformed Wald, Benefit and Regret linear programming models were solved to find the optimal solution. The data consisted of monthly chicken meat prices received by producers between 2000‐2007, which were obtained from the Poultry Meat Producers and Breeders Association.

The optimal solutions of Wald and Benefit criteria showed that June was the best selling month for chicken meat producers in Turkey. August was found to be the optimal selling month according to the Minimum regret criterion. In light of the Maximum criterion it was concluded that the producers would be at highest regret positions with 98.28 percent in event of selling in November.

The results found in this study could be an indicator for individual chicken producers for a more competitive bargaining power when they make a contract with chicken meat production and marketing firms.

The major aim of this study is to determine the effect of urbanization and income level on the behaviours of consumers towards red meat consumption structure in Van, Turkey.

The sample size was found to be 96 and 95 households in urban and rural areas, respectively, using sampling applicable when the population is limited. The households were classified into four groups according to their average yearly incomes. Independent‐samples t‐test, one‐way ANOVA, χ² and linear regression statistical tests were applied. The questionnaires were filled in between 15 November 2004 and 5 March 2005.

The average yearly fresh red meat consumption quantity per head of rural households (8.69 kg) was considerably lower than that of urban households (13.19 kg). The regression test showed that $1,000 increase in income would result in 4.38 and 8.24 kg increase in yearly red meat consumption quantity per households in urban and rural areas, respectively.

The paper compares the differences between the urban and rural areas in terms of consumers' behaviours towards fresh red meat consumption structure, which is original research subject for the region.

This paper aims to investigate empirically whether Islamic securities enhance economic growth in the Southeast Asian region based on the endogenous growth theory using the non-parametric analysis.

This paper applies panel quantile regression with Markov chain Monte Carlo optimization as an optimal non-parametric approach to investigate the effect of Islamic securities on economic growth starting from 2013Q4 to 2019Q4 in Southeast Asia. Total issued Islamic securities holdings are employed as a measure for Islamic securities, while the gross domestic product is employed as a proxy for economic growth. The sample includes all working Islamic financial foundations in the top progressive Islamic securities markets' countries of Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam).

The findings confirm that the increase of issuing Islamic securities in Islamic capital markets of Southeast Asia is increasing the levels of economic growth, reflecting the weighty role of the Islamic capital market development as an active contributor to economic growth.

This research would fill the literature gap by exploring Islamic securities–economic growth nexus in Southeast Asia using a robust non-parametric approach based on the endogenous growth theory for better estimation results. The findings of this review serve as a roadmap for financial analysts, policymakers and decision makers to stimulate the Islamic securities markets as another source of finance which can promote the economic growth.

This research is the first that investigates empirically the Islamic securities–economic growth nexus in Southeast Asia using a new empirical investigation built on the non-parametric analysis and outlined within the theoretical context of the endogenous growth model to gain robust evidence about this nexus.

To improve the application neural networks predictors on bearing systems and to investigate the exact neural model of the ball‐bearing system.

A feed forward neural network is designed to model‐bearing system. Two results are compared for finding the exact model of the system.

The results of the proposed neural network predictor gives superior performance for analysing the behaviour of ball bearing undergoing loading deformation.

The results of the proposed neural network exactly follows desired results of the system. Neural network predictor can be employed in practical applications.

As theoretical and practical study is evaluated together, it is hoped that ball‐bearing designers and researchers will obtain significant results in this area.

This paper fulfils an identified research results need and offers practical investigation for an academic career and research. Also, It should be very helpful for industrial application of ball‐bearing systems.

Political Science in the United States has focused too much on variable-oriented, quantitative methods and thus lost its ability to ask “big questions.” Stein Rokkan (d. 1979) was an eminent comparativist who asked big questions and provided such qualitative tools as conceptual maps, grids, and clustered comparisons. Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), arguably the first social scientist, also asked big questions and provided a universal explanation about the dialectical relationship between nomads and sedentary people. This article analyzes to what extent Ibn Khaldun's concepts of asabiyya and sedentary culture help understand the rise and fall of the Muslim civilization. It also explores my alternative, class-based perspective in Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment. Moreover, the article explores how Rokkan's analysis of cultural, geographical, economic, and religio-political variations within Western European states can provide insights to the examination of such variations in the Muslim world.

The spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has drastically changed the entire market structure and shopping behaviors across the world. While shoppers rushed toward e-commerce platforms during the pandemic, the key debate that rose was on how this behavior will evolve post COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to explore the different categories of e-commerce platforms’ users and propose a distinctive customer typology in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

An exploratory qualitative research design was adopted because of the novelty of the subject. In total, 43 participants were interviewed, including 27 consumers and 16 experts in the field of e-commerce.

Based on the findings, this study distinguishes between two stages of e-commerce usage during the pandemic. Furthermore, this study identifies four key typologies of e-commerce shoppers that are expected to form at the end of the coronavirus: duty-bound, e-watcher, makeshift and onli-vorous shoppers. The characteristics and businesses strategies pertaining to each of the identified groups are discussed.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is among the first to identify the different stages, while proposing an innovative typology of e-commerce platform post COVID-19. This study also offers useful recommendations to deal with similar future crises.

Macro models are being developed in Islamic economics literature. These models, in general, follow the program of Islamization of knowledge and combine the genuine characteristics of Islamic economics with the tools of mainstream economics. The founding leader of Millî Görüs movement in Turkey, Necmettin Erbakan, and a group of Islamic intellectuals, had developed an economic program known as the just system. This paper aims to attempt to model the just economic system (the JES) with appropriate econometric techniques.

This paper models the macroeconomics of the JES with linear equations and conducts a series of simulations to identify its outputs. Based on the closed economy assumption, this paper describes the production function with a government share, defines a charitable foundation sector, exclude the speculation motive in money demand. Savings are transferred into investments without interest. This paper also develops an econometric simultaneous-equation model of the JES.

According to the results obtained from the selected simulation scenarios, this paper concludes that the macroeconomic JES works well and produces desirable outputs as it was stated in the original program.

In future studies, the econometric estimations of the JES can be made. By adding more equations to the simple model, a medium or large scale JES macroeconomic model can be developed.

The JES can now be a source of economic policy designs.

The model can be used to address socioeconomic objectives.

It is the only Islamic economic model that has been ever developed in Turkey. The notion of the JES has not been subjected to enough economic analysis and as far as it is known, it has not yet been modeled and simulated.

After the COVID-19 epidemic, educational paradigms experienced radical changes, especially in the way that architecture was taught. This chapter explores how architecture education evolved because of the current economic crisis, and how COVID-19 has affected instructional approaches. The main goal is to expose emerging educational strategies and their consequences for encouraging flexibility and resilience in architectural instructors and students. The study used a mixed-methods research methodology to gather information from stakeholders, educators, and students of architecture by combining document analysis of academic theses and publications with semi-structured interviews. Data analysis techniques such as thematic coding and pattern recognition revealed distinct categories of influencing factors, such as technological advancements, pedagogical modifications, student engagement and support, curriculum changes, faculty development, resource allocation, assessment and evaluation, as well as global and cultural considerations. The results highlight the varied and dynamic character of the pandemic’s effect. The crisis sparked a faster adoption of digital technologies, bringing forth blended learning and novel pedagogical approaches. As a significant result, resilience helped instructors and students overcome uncertainty by enhancing flexibility and using transdisciplinary methods. It also demonstrates how architectural education has persevered in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic and has the potential to spur larger changes in education. The possibility of sample bias and the crisis’s dynamic character are limits, though. Future research might examine the long-term effects of these emerging methods beyond crisis situations to expand the study’s results and influence the ongoing development of architectural pedagogy in a continuously changing global environment.