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The purpose of this paper is to obtain a finite difference method (FDM) solution using control volume for heat transport by conduction and the heat absorption by the enthalpy model in the sand mixture used in casting manufacturing processes. A mixture of sand and different chemicals (binders) is used as moulding materials in the casting processes. The presence of various compounds in the system improve the complexity of the heat transport due to the heat absorption as the binders are decomposing and transformed into gaseous products due to significant heat shock.

The geometrical domain were defined in a 1D polar coordinate system and adapted for numerical simulation according to the control volume-based FDM. The simulation results were validated by comparison to the temperature measurements under laboratory conditions as the sand mould mixture was heated by interacting with a liquid alloy.

Results of validation and simulation methods were about high correspondence, the numerical method presented in this paper is accurate and has significant potential in the simulation of casting processes.

Both numerical solution (definition of geometrical domain in 1D polar coordinate system) and verification method presented in this paper are state-of-the-art in their kinds and present high scientific value especially regarding to the topic of numerical modelling of heat flow and foundry technology.

Drawing on self-determination theory, this study reveals the formative and functional mechanism of entrepreneurial leadership and constructs an integrated model that combines objective and subjective career success.

Using data from 189 leaders from China, this study examined the relationship among cognitive style, social norms, entrepreneurial leadership and career success. Using SPSS version 25.0 and AMOS version 23.0, factor analysis, correlation, path analysis and moderation analysis were performed.

The results indicated that innovative cognitive style is positively related to entrepreneurial leadership, and this relationship is reinforced by social norms. Adaptive cognitive style is negatively related to entrepreneurial leadership, but this relationship is not regulated by social norms. Besides, this study found a significantly positive relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and objective career success, while entrepreneurial leadership does not demonstrate a significant relationship with subjective career success.

By combining subjective and the objective career success into entrepreneurial leadership research, the findings provide a new perspective for understanding what other experiences entrepreneurship can bring to leaders. Furthermore, the current study analyzes the informal institutional environment's promoting and impeding roles between cognitive style and entrepreneurial leadership.

This study determines the nexus between spiritual leadership and psychological safety (PS). The authors explore the mediating role of PS and knowledge sharing to offer insights on how spiritual leadership can be advanced to better understand and support intellectual capital.

Data were collected using convenience sampling from the Pakistani automobile manufacturing industry. SPSS statistical software was used for descriptive analysis and hypotheses were tested by using the partial least square-structural equation modeling method.

The results demonstrate that spiritual leadership has a significant positive impact on PS; PS has a positive impact on knowledge sharing (KS) and KS has a positive impact on intellectual capital. Furthermore, PS mediates between spiritual leadership and KS. KS mediates between PS and human, social and organizational capital. Spiritual leadership also affects outside the boundaries of the organization and builds strong social relations with suppliers, buyers, etc.

This study provides a deeper understanding of spiritual leadership in the context of KS and intellectual capital in the automobile sector of Pakistan.

This study encourages managers to nurture a philosophy of altruistic love that exerts a positive influence on employees. It will enrich their experience and promote a culture of KS.

This study has social implications for organizations seeking to situate their inclusive goals in society. The findings of this study can help promote harmony as employees who feel psychologically safe are more willing to spread it in society.

This study theoretically contributes the big picture that how spiritual leadership contributes to intellectual capital and adds to the literature on the topic.