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Various studies dealing with brand orientation were analysed to discuss how the issues identified in this area have been relating over time. This paper aims to identify the key studies, the keywords used and the origin of the studies.

A systematic literature review (SLR) was performed within the Scopus database to select and summarize the studies that deal with brand orientation. Finally, 90 articles were subjected to bibliometric analysis.

Five major research areas were identified (brand orientation concept, hybrid strategies, internal branding management, brand performance and perceived brand orientation) and discussed.

As the main theoretical contribution, the results showed a focus on research in five areas: the development of the brand orientation concept and proposed extensions; hybrid strategies; the relations between brand orientation, internal branding and brand management; the relation between brand orientation and financial performance; and the perceived brand orientation, mostly applied to higher education sector.

The study offers a general overview of brand orientation, identifying relations on topics of interest, main keywords and sub-themes in this field. The results contribute to fulfilling the research gap about the relationship between all these aspects. Finally, an agenda for future research is proposed.

Se analizaron diversos estudios sobre la orientación de la marca con el fin de discutir cómo se han ido relacionando a lo largo del tiempo los problemas identificados en esta área. Esta investigación identifica los estudios clave, las palabras clave utilizadas y el origen de los estudios.

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura (SLR) con la base de datos de Scopus para seleccionar y resumir los estudios que tratan de la orientación de la marca. Finalmente, 90 artículos fueron sometidos al análisis bibliométrico.

Se identificaron cinco grandes áreas de investigación (concepto de orientación de marca, Estrategias híbridas, Gestión interna de marca, Rendimiento de marca, Orientación de marca percibida) y se discutieron.

Los resultados mostraron un enfoque en la investigación en cinco áreas: el desarrollo del concepto de orientación de marca y las extensiones propuestas; las estrategias híbridas; las relaciones entre la orientación de marca, el branding interno y la gestión de marca; la relación entre la orientación de marca y el rendimiento financiero; y la orientación de marca percibida, aplicada principalmente al sector de la educación superior.

El estudio ofrece una visión general de la orientación de la marca, identificando las relaciones sobre temas de interés, las principales palabras clave y los subtemas en este campo. Los resultados contribuyen a llenar el vacío de investigación sobre la relación entre todos estos aspectos. Finalmente, se propone una agenda futura de investigación.

Orientación de marca, Marca, Análisis bibliométrico, Revisión sistemática de la literatura

Revisión general

This paper presents the concerns in manufacturing supply chain. Further this study investigates the role of information technology (IT) and information sharing (IS) in manufacturing supply chain and determines its impact towards supply chain integration (SCI), supply chain performance (SCP), and manufacturing firm performance (FP) in Malaysia. The theoretical framework was proposed for the study on the basis of existing literature. The study administered a survey questionnaire to collect data from manufacturing firms in Malaysia with 112 respondents. A multiple regression analysis is conducted to establish the relationship between IT, IS, SCI, and FP. The study finds that IT and sharing has significant positive effect towards and performance. Firms that use IT and practice IS across partners in the supply chain are more likely to integrate their internal and external value chain for better performance both within and across the manufacturing firms in the supply chain. This study can be of interest to the manufacturing industry as well as other industry practitioners interested in improving the performance of the organization and supply chain in total. For supply chain practitioners, this results indicate that the firms should adopt IT and IS practices to strategically improve SCI. This in turn will also improve the supply chain network and firm’s performance. This study employs a newly developed framework which depicts the causal relationship between IT, IS, SCI, Supply Chain Performance, and FP in Malaysia. Furthermore, it closes a gap in existing literature by examining the effect IT and communication (ICT) practices toward manufacturing firms’ performance and SCP in a single setting. In addition, the current study attempted to construct a model which would estimate and interpret SCP and FP simultaneously, and to evaluate this model in an empirical fashion.

Nowadays businesses tend to compete with rivals by improving capability to meet customer demands. One of the key to improve logistics efficiency of a firm is to select appropriate supplier. In the past, to select the most suitable supplier, most people evaluated performance by using average performance or variance from historical data but did not mentioned skewness. In other words, skewness impact on supplier performance is ignored by researchers and buyers. In fact, supplier with greatest average performance does not confirm to be the most suitable one because of uncertainties which make its performance skew either to the left or right, i.e., lower or higher than expectation. Therefore, this empirical study aims to discover and determine the important role of skewness on supplier selection problem. After identifying influential criteria on supplier selection, we analyze skewness effect on suppliers’ performance in each criterion by surveying real data of suppliers’ performances. Skewness effect can be rated in 3 levels; no effect, moderately effect, and highly effect. The results show that, there is only one criterion with no skewness effect, which is price. Criteria which have high skewed performance, for both of medium-sized and large-sized buyers, are lead time, product quality and reliability, and on-time delivery. Also, skewness has higher effect on suppliers’ performance of medium-sized buyers than large-sized buyers. The conclusion surprisingly shows that, skewness is the best index to distinguish between good and bad suppliers, while mean is the worst index.

The organic food market is gaining momentum in advanced and developing economies. This study aims to unfold the determinants explicitly associated with consumers and organic food products (OFPs) that influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions in a developing economy.

The stimulus–organism–response (SOR) is modified to examine the reasons behind the consumers’ purchase intentions of OFPs. Consumer-specific and product-specific stimuli are considered to find their influence on the orgasmic state of the consumers in the form of attitude and, finally, their purchase intentions in the form of response. A simple random sampling procedure was used during January and February 2024 to obtain the study-related responses from the participants from six major cities in India. Three hundred eighty-two questionnaires were deemed suitable for the study after excluding any outliers and incomplete responses from the completed survey. After screening and validating the collected data in IBM SPSS statistics 23, Amos version 23.0 was used to analyze the study’s hypotheses.

The findings showed that consumers’ specific stimuli, such as environmental concern, health consciousness and food safety concerns, positively motivate consumers’ attitudes. Also, product-specific stimuli such as nutritional content and awareness of OFPs positively affect the attitude of the consumers. Surprisingly, price fairness is revealed to have no substantial impact on the consumers’ attitudes. Finally, it is revealed that the consumers’ attitude positively impacts their purchase intentions of OFPs.

The study’s findings will assist OFP marketing professionals in comprehending the significant impact of consumer-specific and product-specific aspects of the products in shaping consumers’ attitude towards OFPs. The research discoveries are expected to offer valuable insights to aid decision makers in marketing OFPs to consumers in developing economies like India.

The present work has uniquely modified the SOR model by considering the consumer-specific and product-specific aspects of OFPs and empirically validated that both aspects are significant in shaping consumer attitudes, especially in developing economies like India.

El mercado de alimentos orgánicos está ganando impulso en economías avanzadas y en desarrollo. El presente trabajo busca desentrañar los determinantes explícitamente asociados con los consumidores y los productos alimenticios orgánicos que influyen en las actitudes e intenciones de compra de los consumidores en una economía en desarrollo.

Se modificó el modelo de estímulo-organismo-respuesta (SOR, por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar las razones detrás de las intenciones de compra de productos alimenticios orgánicos. Se consideraron estímulos específicos del consumidor y del producto para analizar su influencia en el estado orgánico de los consumidores en forma de actitud y, finalmente, sus intenciones de compra como respuesta. Durante enero y febrero de 2024, se utilizó un procedimiento de muestreo aleatorio simple para obtener respuestas relacionadas con el estudio de participantes en seis ciudades principales de India. Trescientos ochenta y dos (382) cuestionarios fueron considerados adecuados para el estudio después de excluir valores atípicos y respuestas incompletas. Tras depurar y validar los datos recopilados en IBM SPSS Statistics 23, se utilizó Amos versión 23.0 para analizar las hipótesis del estudio.

Los resultados mostraron que los estímulos específicos del consumidor, como la preocupación por el medio ambiente, la conciencia sobre la salud y las preocupaciones sobre la seguridad alimentaria, motivan positivamente las actitudes de los consumidores. Asimismo, los estímulos específicos del producto, como el contenido nutricional y la conciencia sobre los productos alimenticios orgánicos, afectan positivamente la actitud de los consumidores. Sorprendentemente, se reveló que la equidad en los precios no tiene un impacto sustancial en las actitudes de los consumidores. Finalmente, se evidenció que la actitud de los consumidores influye positivamente en sus intenciones de compra de productos alimenticios orgánicos.

Los hallazgos del estudio ayudarán a los profesionales del marketing de productos alimenticios orgánicos a comprender el impacto significativo de los aspectos específicos del consumidor y del producto en la formación de actitudes hacia los productos orgánicos. Los resultados se esperan que ofrezcan información valiosa para ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones en el marketing de alimentos orgánicos a consumidores en economías en desarrollo como India.

El presente trabajo ha modificado de manera única el modelo SOR considerando los aspectos específicos del consumidor y del producto de los alimentos orgánicos, y ha validado empíricamente que ambos aspectos son significativos para dar forma a las actitudes de los consumidores, especialmente en economías en desarrollo como India.

随着有机食品市场在发达经济体和发展中经济体中持续增长, 本研究旨在深入探讨消费者及有机食品相关因素对消费者态度与购买意愿的影响, 尤其是在发展中经济体背景下的作用机制。

本研究对刺激-有机体-反应（Stimulus–Organism–Response, SOR）模型进行了修正, 以分析消费者购买有机食品的意愿形成机制。研究分别考察了消费者特定刺激和产品特定刺激对消费者心理状态（即态度）的影响, 并进一步探究态度对消费者购买意愿的作用。本研究采用简单随机抽样法, 于2024年1月至2月期间, 在印度六个主要城市收集调查数据。最终, 共回收并筛选出有效问卷382份, 剔除异常值及不完整数据后, 利用IBM SPSS Statistics 23进行数据筛选和验证, 并采用Amos 23.0进行假设检验和数据分析。

研究结果表明, 消费者特定刺激（如环境关注、健康意识和食品安全关注）对消费者态度具有显著的正向影响。同时, 产品特定刺激（如营养成分和有机食品认知）也对消费者态度产生积极作用。然而, 研究发现价格公平性对消费者态度并无显著影响。此外, 研究进一步验证了消费者态度对其有机食品购买意愿具有正向影响。

本研究结果可为有机食品市场营销人员提供重要的实践指导, 有助于理解消费者特定因素和产品特定因素在塑造消费者对有机食品态度方面的关键作用。此外, 本研究的发现可为发展中经济体（如印度）市场决策者提供有价值的洞见, 以优化有机食品营销策略, 提高消费者接受度。

本研究在现有SOR模型的基础上进行了独特的修正, 综合考虑了消费者特定因素和产品特定因素, 并通过实证研究验证了这两类因素在塑造消费者态度方面的重要性, 尤其是在印度等发展中经济体中的适用性。

Augmented reality (AR) is an advanced version of the dynamic physical space that is perceived and received via visual, audio, digital and other sensory stimuli. The capabilities of virtual technologies change the field of university and education considerably. The necessity of using virtual technologies in the education field was revealed more in unforeseen disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The adoption of a technology by its users is an important factor in the successful implementation of the technology. The present study evaluates several factors affecting the adoption of AR technology in the realm of tertiary education.

This study is applied in nature, and the necessary data were gathered through a survey questionnaire. The opinions of 621 students were investigated using a simple random sampling method. The multinomial logit test was used in this research.

It was found that individual and social factors such as age, education level, major and economic characteristics such as one’s income in a month, expenses of a person in a month, the level of access to high-speed internet and access to a laptop or smartphone are effective in AR technology adoption in the field of academic education.

The theoretical contribution of this study is to identify the key factors that influence the adoption of AR technology and develop a model specifically applicable to the educational field. The results of this research can be used by university managers and educational policymakers for the efficient and effective use of this technology.

This paper investigates whether democracy plays a mediating role in the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

The empirical analysis is conducted using fixed effects and system GMM (Generalised Method of Moments) on a panel of 38 Sub-Saharan African countries covering the period of 1990–2018.

The results find that FDI has no direct effect on inequality whereas democracy reduces inequality directly in both the short run and the long run. The sensitivity analyses find that democracy improves equality regardless of the magnitude of FDI, resource endowment or democratic deepening whereas FDI only reduces inequality once a moderate level of democracy has been achieved.

The results discussed above thus have four policy implications. First, these results show that although democracy has inequality reducing benefits, SSA is unlikely to significantly reduce inequality unless the region purposefully diversifies its trade and FDI away from natural resources. Second, the region should continue to expand credit access to reduce inequality and attract FDI. Third, policymakers should undertake reforms that will reduce youth inequality. Lastly, the region should focus on long-run democratic reforms rather than on short-run democratization to improve governance and investor confidence.

Although there are existing studies that examine the association between FDI and inequality, FDI and democracy and democracy and inequality, this is the first study to explicitly examine the effect of democracy on the association between FDI and inequality in SSA, and the first study to separately consider the possible varied effects of contemporaneous democratization versus the long-run accumulation of democratic capital. In addition, rather than measure inequality by income alone, this study uses the more appropriate Human Development Index to account for SSA's sociological, education and income disparities.