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In terms of understanding the new issues emerging in the practice of monetary policies and how to evaluate the latest theories of monetary policy, this paper proposes referring to Das Kapital and developing a monetary policy theory grounded in Marxist political economy.

Based on the discussion of interest-bearing capital in Das Kapital and using a heterogeneous agent model, this paper tries to explain the determining mechanism of interest rate, leverage ratio, and asset price.

The research finds that if there are differences in the techniques possessed by capital, the resulting disparities in production efficiency will lead to differences in profit rates and further influence the functional choices of capital in the movement of social total capital. Thus, with the formation of lending relationships, interest rates, leverage ratios, and asset prices will be endogenously determined simultaneously. Moreover, as the degree of technological diffusion influences the industrial capitalists’ willingness to take loans as well as the level of profit rates, there may be counter-cyclical changes in the returns on productive investment and financial investment at different stages of the technology life cycle, contributing to diverting funds out of the real economy. Besides, this paper discusses the challenges, tools, and goals of monetary policy within the credit money system.

Clarify the intrinsic mechanism of the functional differentiation of capital determined by heterogeneous technologies and exogenous capital-labor relation and analyze the impact of capital differentiation on the economy.

This study aims to review the recent advancements in high entropy alloys (HEAs) called high entropy materials, including high entropy superalloys which are current potential alternatives to nickel superalloys for gas turbine applications. Understandings of the laser surface modification techniques of the HEA are discussed whilst future recommendations and remedies to manufacturing challenges via laser are outlined.

Materials used for high-pressure gas turbine engine applications must be able to withstand severe environmentally induced degradation, mechanical, thermal loads and general extreme conditions caused by hot corrosive gases, high-temperature oxidation and stress. Over the years, Nickel-based superalloys with elevated temperature rupture and creep resistance, excellent lifetime expectancy and solution strengthening L12 and γ´ precipitate used for turbine engine applications. However, the superalloy’s density, low creep strength, poor thermal conductivity, difficulty in machining and low fatigue resistance demands the innovation of new advanced materials.

HEAs is one of the most frequently investigated advanced materials, attributed to their configurational complexity and properties reported to exceed conventional materials. Thus, owing to their characteristic feature of the high entropy effect, several other materials have emerged to become potential solutions for several functional and structural applications in the aerospace industry. In a previous study, research contributions show that defects are associated with conventional manufacturing processes of HEAs; therefore, this study investigates new advances in the laser-based manufacturing and surface modification techniques of HEA.

The AlxCoCrCuFeNi HEA system, particularly the Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi HEA has been extensively studied, attributed to its mechanical and physical properties exceeding that of pure metals for aerospace turbine engine applications and the advances in the fabrication and surface modification processes of the alloy was outlined to show the latest developments focusing only on laser-based manufacturing processing due to its many advantages.

It is evident that high entropy materials are a potential innovative alternative to conventional superalloys for turbine engine applications via laser additive manufacturing.