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This paper aims to find, which of the assets: gold, oil or bitcoin can be considered a safe-haven for investors in a crisis-driven Venezuela. The authors look also at the governmental change of approach towards the use and mining of cryptocurrencies being one of the assets and potential applications of bitcoin as (quasi) money.

The authors collected the daily data (a period from 01 May 2014 to 31 July 2018) on the development of the following magnitudes: Caracas Stock Exchange main index: Índice Bursátil de Capitalisación (IBC) index; gold price in US dollars, the oil price in US dollars and Bitcoin price in bolivar fuerte (VEF) (LocalBitcoins). The authors estimated a threshold VAR model between IBC and each of the possible safe-haven assets, where the trigger variable was the IBC; then the authors modelled the residuals from the TVAR model using MGARCH model with dynamic conditional correlation.

The results show that that gold is a better safe-haven than oil for Venezuelan investors, while bitcoin can be considered a weak safe haven. Still, bitcoin can perform (to a certain extent) money functions in a crisis-driven country.

Further research after the change of local currency from VEF into bolivar soberano might be looked at on the later stage.

The authors provide evidence on which of analysed asset is the best safe-haven for the investors acting in the time of the crisis. The evidence goes in line with other authors’ findings, thus, the results might bring implications for investors of more universal character. Additionally, the result might be helpful for governments and/or monetary authorities while projecting institutional frameworks and conducting monetary policy.

The unprecedented economic crisis in Venezuela was one of the factors that fuelled the mining and use of cryptocurrencies in the daily life of its citizens. Nowadays, the country is a leader in terms of the use of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in Latin America. The results show a potential application of bitcoin as a store of value or even means of payments in Venezuelan (or in other countries affected by the crisis).

The paper builds on the original data set collected by the authors and brings evidence from the models the authors constructed to verify, which asset is the best option for investors in hard times of the crisis. The authors add to the existing literature on financial assets, cryptocurrencies and behaviour of investors under different economic conditions.

Coopetition, that is simultaneous collaboration and competition between organisations, is a significant phenomenon in inter-organisational relations, particularly in the tourism sector. This chapter explores the role of social embeddedness in coopetition dynamics within the tourism sector. Drawing on qualitative research conducted among members of tourism (culinary) routes in various regions of Poland, the study investigates how social relationships affect coopetition among entrepreneurs. The findings indicate that social embeddedness fosters cooperation by facilitating trust and shared norms among route members, leading them to perceive themselves less as competitors and more as collaborators or even only as collaborators. At the same time, social embeddedness makes it possible to clear the market of competitors who do not comply with certain adopted rules or standards, as well as mitigating competition for employees. Thus, the research findings highlight the complex interplay between social embeddedness and coopetition dynamics in a tourism context. Overall, this research contributes to understanding the perceptions underlying coopetition in the tourism sector and sheds light on the importance of social relationships in shaping inter-organisational behaviour within the tourist industry.

The study aims to examine the digital competence of young employees (under 30 years of age) who graduated from the technical university. Self-assessment of selected digital competencies was examined along with the determination of a self-efficacy level in the area of using digital competencies.

Quantitative research was conducted using the computer-assisted web interview method on a sample of 4532 respondents.

Young employees' self-assessment of digital competencies and self-efficacy in the area of using them is high, and it can be assumed that they perceive themselves as digitally competent. Both digital self-efficacy and assessed digital competencies have a positive impact on satisfaction with the university.

The research sample consisted only of employees who graduated from the technical university, but the results may provide feedback on the demand for digital competencies sought in the labor market and constitute valuable information useful in university curriculum development and in vocational education and training.

This is the first study that focuses on the Kozanoglu and Abedin approach to the concept of digital literacy in the context of research on self-assessment and self-efficacy in using digital competencies among technical university graduates, adapting the creative self-efficacy scale by Tierney and Farmer, for measuring digital self-efficacy.

1. Young employees' digital competencies self-assessment is high.

2. Young employees' self-efficacy of using digital competencies is high.

3. Graduating from a DT-focused department has a positive impact on satisfaction.

4. Digital self-efficacy has a positive impact on satisfaction with the university.

5. Assessed digital competencies have a positive impact on satisfaction.

Young employees' digital competencies self-assessment is high.

Young employees' self-efficacy of using digital competencies is high.

Graduating from a DT-focused department has a positive impact on satisfaction.

Digital self-efficacy has a positive impact on satisfaction with the university.

Assessed digital competencies have a positive impact on satisfaction.