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Teacher recruitment is under pressure across England with the majority of routes into teaching facing challenges in respect to recruitment and retention. Schools are also challenged by issues of attendance, behaviour and exclusion. This paper examines a way forward that addresses inclusion in the context of initial teacher education. Recent research in the southwest of England serves to illustrate the needs of all teachers to deliver inclusive provision in their schools. Teacher education begins with initial teacher training; irrespective of the route inclusion of all pupils should be understood by all trainees, which would have a positive impact on teacher recruitment and retention.

The study aims to examine the impact of migration on household consumption expenditures in Bangladesh.

The paper uses coarsened exact matching methods to examine the causal impact between migration and household welfare using the dataset on Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010 on 12,213 households.

The study reveals that migration has a positive impact on household welfare improvement through increases in their consumption expenditures. Households with migration status are found to spend more on food, non-food (housing, durable goods, fuel, cosmetics, cleaning, transport, clothing, taxes, insurance, recreation) items and medical. However, the authors do not find any evidence of impacts on education expenditures.

The availability of panel data and the use of other variables (e.g. household investment expenditures, household budget allocation for agricultural input expenses, etc.) would have been able to provide vivid results.

This paper adds to the Bangladeshi migration literature by offering a novel empirical assessment of the Bangladeshi migrants and its impact on household welfare by drawing upon a recently published, nationally representative sample of Bangladeshi households.