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Social free sampling (SFS) campaigns are an increasingly popular marketing practice in which firms provide trial users with free sampling products and collect posted trial reports from trial users on social commerce sites to attract prospective consumers. This paper aims to examine how trial users’ product evaluation in SFS influence appreciative reader engagement by utilizing the persuasion knowledge model (PKM).

To test our theoretical framework, 3,427 trial reports were collected from an SFS site and analyzed using Poisson regression models.

SFS evaluation is negatively associated with readers’ appreciative engagement. We also found that higher emotional intensity in SFS reports or higher reputation of the trial user mitigates the negative effect of the product evaluation. However, when the trial report with stronger emotional intensity is written by a trial user with a high reputation, the negative impact of the SFS evaluation on appreciative engagement becomes more pronounced.

Although extant research has acknowledged product rating bias in product trial reports, limited empirical studies have examined the impact of product ratings on reader engagement. This empirical study bridges the voids of product rating bias in the social free sampling literature and provides important managerial implications for the emerging social free sampling.

Brands should be careful of the negative effect of high product rating and this negative effect can be mitigated by inviting users of high reputation.

This study is among the first ones that examine the effect of SFS product evaluation on appreciative engagement and provide a nuanced understanding of how product evaluation, user reputation and emotion intensity jointly shape reader engagement.

This study aims to achieve the post-stall pitching maneuver (PSPM) and decrease the deflection frequency of aircraft actuators controlled by the robust backstepping method based on event-triggered mechanism (ETM), nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) and dynamic surface control (DSC) techniques.

To estimate unsteady aerodynamic disturbances (UADs) to suppress their adverse effects, the NDO is designed. To avoid taking the derivative of the virtual control law directly and eliminate the coupling term of the system states and dynamic surface errors in the stability analysis, an improved DSC is developed. Combined with the NDO and DSC techniques, a robust backstepping method is proposed to achieve the PSPM. Furthermore, to decrease the deflection frequency of the aircraft actuators, a state-dependent ETM is introduced.

An ETM-and-NDO-based backstepping method with an improved DSC technique is developed to achieve the PSPM and decrease the deflection frequency of aircraft actuators. And simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed paper.

Few studies have been conducted on the control of the PSPM in which the lateral and longitudinal attitude dynamics are coupled with each other considering the UADs. Moreover, the mechanism that can decrease the deflection frequency of aircraft actuators is rarely developed in existing research. This study proposes an ETM-and-NDO-based backstepping scheme to address these problems with satisfactory performance of the PSPM.

The purpose of this paper is to explore financial quality problems, based on the dynamics of the ownership structure, in the privatization process to clarify the internal relation among the ownership’s attribution of the commercial mixed ownership company, the company’s performance and its financial relationships. This paper also examines the mixed ownership enterprise’s potential problems during the development process.

Adopting the single case study method, the authors selected the mixed ownership public company Hubei Sanxia New Building Materials Co., Ltd. (stock code: 600293) to explore, from a privatization perspective, the impact of mixed ownership on financial quality.

The study found that Sanxia experienced tight cash flow and heavy debt burdens due to the privatization and that its controlling shareholders used non-operating income to support Sanxia, thus characterizing the dual role of “the grabbing hand” and “the helping hand.” Sanxia’s privatization process highlighted the volatility of performance, the exception of monetary funds and the existence of accounting fraud rather than the prosperous development of the capital combination.

These findings provided case support that privatization negatively affects the financial quality of the company. Previous studies have indicated that there should be greater focus more on the issue that state-owned shares rebound during the process of privatization and that, with respect to commercial mixed ownership reform of state-owned enterprises, such reform must avoid the passive transfer of corporate control, ensure the fairness of the related transactions, prevent the loss of state-owned assets and preclude the controlling shareholders from seizing interests of listed companies.