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Logistics practitioners face a significant challenge in meeting local and international regulations and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to the complexities of measuring and assessing the CO₂e emissions of logistics processes. This challenge is pronounced in distribution processes, where the literature currently lacks a structured approach based on existing guidelines and regulations or real-case implementation examples.

To analyse the environmental performance of distribution processes, a model with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) algorithms compliant with the Global Logistics Emissions Council (GLEC) framework was developed. An integrative review identified key elements for evaluating the environmental impact of distribution processes, leading to model development. The model was validated through a business case in the agri-food supply chain, demonstrating its applicability and enabling the analysis of optimisation scenarios.

The findings suggest potential savings in CO₂e emissions of up to 50% by improving vehicle efficiency and maximising vehicle capacity utilisation. Further savings of up to 30% are highlighted for the business case company by increasing intermodal transport modes use.

This study offers several academic and managerial contributions. On the one hand, it offers a structured approach to assess the environmental performance of the logistics distribution processes based on a comprehensive European standard and enriches the literature by providing an industrial application of GLEC framework guidelines. On the other hand, it empowers logistics practitioners with a model to assess the environmental impact of distribution processes, and it enables an enhanced decision-making process in selecting transport modes to achieve the company’s sustainability goals.