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Hybrid nanofluids are more effective in the enhancement of heat transfer than mono nanofluids. The mono nanofluid’s thermophysical properties are limited, so it is not enough to succeed in the required thermal performance. The Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid flow based on Ag and TiO2 has been used for the applications of drug delivery. In photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing applications, the detection of targets has been greatly enhanced by the use of various TiO2 nanostructures. Biosensors, drug delivery systems and medical devices can benefit greatly from the combination of Ag and TiO2.

The Ag and TiO2 hybrid nanofluid flow in an inclined squeezing channel is considered for the applications of drug delivery. The channel walls are permeable and allow fluid in the form of suction and injection, while the flow medium inside the channel is also nonlinearly porous. A set of nonlinear differential equations is created from the main governing equations. The model problem is solved by using the artificial neural network (ANN), and the results are plotted and discussed. Recent and past results have been observed to have a strong correlation.

It can be concluded that the contracted and expanding parameter nature is the main factor in controlling hybrid nanofluid flow in the inclined squeezing flow. The values of the other parameters vary the profile’s growth. The central zone has the lowest absolute value of normal pressure drop for the pair of cases with positive or negative Reynolds. The lower heated wall becomes more efficient when the increase is used with a 5% volume fraction. The lower wall has an increasing percentage of 6.9% and 9.75% when using nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid, respectively.

The authors believe that no one has ever investigated the Darci–Forchheimer flow in a squeezing inclined channel for medical applications. The physical properties of the Ag and TiO2 hybrid nanofluid make it suitable for use as a medication in the biomedical field. The ANN is also a novel approach to solving the current problem. This research is focused on stabilizing hybrid nanofluid flow in the squeezing and porous channels by optimizing normal pressure under the influence of embedded parameters. This main part of the research is not usually mentioned in the existing literature.

Hybrid nanofluids can effectively utilize the antimicrobial properties of TiO2 and Ag nanomaterials for drug delivery applications due to their unique properties. Ag and TiO2 nanomaterials have the ability to control temperature distribution during the flow in an inclined channel, which is crucial for uniform drug delivery. Controlling the release rate of drugs and maintaining the flow stability is largely dependent upon the increase in temperature. The Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles are effective in localized hyperthermia treatments, and this procedure necessitates a temperature higher than the body’s temperature. Therefore, increasing the temperature profile is essential for drug delivery.

Hybrid nanofluids can effectively utilize the antimicrobial properties of TiO2 and Ag nanomaterials for drug delivery applications due to their unique properties. Ag and TiO2 nanomaterials have the ability to control temperature distribution during the flow in an inclined channel, which is crucial for uniform drug delivery. Controlling the release rate of drugs and maintaining the flow stability is largely dependent upon the increase in temperature. The Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles are effective in localized hyperthermia treatments, and this procedure necessitates a temperature higher than the body’s temperature. Therefore, increasing the temperature profile is essential for drug delivery.

The authors believe that no one has ever investigated the Darci–Forchheimer flow in a squeezing channel for medical applications. Moreover, the walls of the channel and the flow medium are both porous. The physical properties of the Ag and TiO2 hybrid nanofluid make it suitable for use as a medication in the biomedical field. The idea of a hybrid nanofluid flow in a squeeze channel using blood-based Ag and TiO2 is also new and important for drug delivery applications. The ANN is also a novel approach to solving the current problem.

The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian nanofluids, specifically Reiner–Philippoff (R-Ph) fluids, across a radially magnetized, curved, stretched surface. By considering factors such as Brownian motion, thermophoresis and viscous dissipation, the study aims to enhance the understanding of heat transfer mechanisms in various engineering and industrial applications, thereby contributing to improved thermal management strategies.

This study employs the local non-similarity method to analyze the flow and thermal behavior of R-Ph nanofluids over a radially magnetized, curved, stretched surface. The governing system is simplified using suitable transformations, and a local non-similarity approach is applied to treat non-dimensional partial differential equations as ordinary differential equations. The resulting system is numerically solved by employing the Bvp4c algorithm via MATLAB. Various dimensionless parameters, such as thermophoresis and magnetic numbers, are systematically varied to evaluate their impact on the velocity, concentration and temperature profiles of the nanofluid.

The results indicate that the concentration profile of the nanofluid improves with increasing thermophoresis and magnetic numbers, while it decreases with higher Schmidt and Bingham numbers. The velocity of the nanofluid decreases with larger magnetic numbers and curvature parameters but increases with the R-Ph fluid and Bingham numbers. Additionally, the temperature profile shows a decreasing trend for higher curvature and Bingham numbers while rising with higher Brinkman and magnetic numbers. The Sherwood number increases with Schmidt number, thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters.

This study provides a novel analysis of R-Ph nanofluids in the context of curved stretching surfaces under magnetic fields, contributing to the understanding of non-Newtonian fluid dynamics. The use of the local non-similarity method to transform and solve the governing equations offers a fresh perspective on heat transfer phenomena. The findings have significant implications for various fields, including engineering, electronics and biomedical applications, by enhancing thermal efficiency and performance in systems utilizing nanofluids.

The heat transport phenomenon in which energy transfers due to temperature differences is an important topic of interest for scientists in recent times. It is because of its wide range of applications in numerous domains such as electronics, heat dispersion, thermoregulation, cooling mechanism, the managing temperature in automotive mobile engines, climate engineering, magnetoresistance devices, etc. On account of such considerations, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) entropy rate for nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄/C₂H₆O₂) and hybrid nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄+MoS₄/C₂H₆O₂) is analyzed. The Darcy–Forchheimer relation is utilized to describe the impact of a porous medium on a stretched sheet. Two nanoparticles molybdenum (MoS₄) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) are combined to make hybrid nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄+MoS₄/C₂H₆O₂). Heat flux corresponds to the Cattaneo–Christov model executed through heat transfer analysis. The influence of dissipation and heat absorption/generation on energy expression for nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄+MoS₄/C₂H₆O₂) and hybrid nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄+MoS₄/C₂H₆O₂) is described.

Nonlinear partial differential expressions have been exchanged into dimensionless ordinary differential expressions using relevant transformations. Newton’s built-in shooting method is employed to achieve the required results.

Concepts of fluid flow, energy transport and entropy optimization are discussed. Computational analysis of local skin friction and Nusselt number against sundry parameters for nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄/C₂H₆O₂) and hybrid nanomaterial (CoFe₂O₄+MoS₄/C₂H₆O₂) is engrossed. Larger magnetic field parameters decay fluid flow and entropy generation, while an opposite behavior is observed for temperature. Variation in magnetic field variables and volume fractions causes the resistive force to boost up. Intensification in entropy generation can be seen for higher porosity parameters, whereas a reverse trend follows for fluid flow. Heat and local Nusselt numbers rise with an increase in thermal relaxation time parameters.

No such work is yet published in the literature.

The objective of this work is to investigate the rate of entropy generation of a hybrid nanoliquid (Cu-Ag/Water) flowing on a stretching sheet in the presence of convective boundary conditions, heat generation/absorption, double stratification and Stefan blowing. At present, the capability of interchange of thermal energy is not concerned only with an estimation of the amplification in the rate of heat exchange but also depends on profitable and obliging contemplation. Acknowledging the demands, researchers have been associated with the refinement of the performance of a heat exchange, which is referred to as an intensification of the interchange of heat.

By using a similarity transformation, the system of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) is transformed into the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The rebuilt ordinary differential equations are then solved by applying the homotopy analysis method. After computing the temperature, concentration and velocity profiles for a range of relevant study parameters, the resulting results are examined and discussed.

Elevating the Stefan blowing parameter values enhances the temperature profile. Conversely, it diminishes with increasing concentration stratification, thermal stratification and heat generation/absorption coefficient. The rate of entropy generation rises with increasing diffusion parameter, Brinkman number and concentration difference parameter. Stronger viscous forces between the sheet and the fluid flow cause skin friction to increase as fw and Sϕ increase. The local Nusselt number falls as fw and ω rise. However, as Sθ rises, the local Nusselt number gets higher.

The transmission of mass and heat is the basis of the current study, which is useful in a number of industrial and technological domains.

The paper investigates entropy production and heat transmission in a hybrid nanoliquid flow over a stretching sheet, incorporating factors such as heat generation/absorption, convective boundary conditions, Stefan blowing and double stratification. The research highlights a gap in the existing literature, indicating that this specific combination of factors has not been previously explored.