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This chapter explores the gourmet tourist as a food tourist profile that seeks a fine dining experience in the context of ‘experiential luxury’. The growing role of luxury experiences in gastronomic tourism has positioned luxury restaurants as culinary ambassadors that influence food tourist behaviour. Based on the case of four Michelin-starred restaurants in Copenhagen (Denmark), results show that the gourmet tourist food experiences as seen by the restaurateurs are driven by three factors. Firstly, the source of the product and the stories behind the product. Secondly, the gourmet experience as a learning process. Thirdly, the memories embedded in the fine dining experience which rely both on people (the staff) and practices (the singularity).

This study aimed to improve understanding of the phenomenon of food well-being (FWB) (conceptualization, measurement, antecedents and outcomes) so as to lead future empirical work on measurement, development and theory testing. The hope is to improve the societal benefits of FWB and sustainable food system transformation.

A domain-based systematic review of FWB was conducted using databases (Web of Science, ABI/INFORM, EBSCO and Scopus). The well-established theory, context, characteristics and methodology framework were used to structure the review.

This study synthesized conceptual definitions and measurements of consumer FWB from hedonic, eudemonistic and mixed research streams and a nomological network that distinguishes this construct from its antecedents and outcomes.

This study provides recommendations for consumers, food designers, retailers and policymakers to improve FWB.

This study assessed the conceptualizations of FWB from hedonic, eudemonistic and mixed perspectives for conceptual clarity. It summarized ten measurement tools for FWB-allied concepts (Well-being Related to Food Questionnaires, Satisfaction with Food-Related Life Scale and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index), which revealed the need for novel measurement. This study developed a holistic nomological network of FWB by identifying the categories of antecedents (food-related, consumer-related and contextual factors) and outcomes (general well-being, life satisfaction and food consumption). This study provides a research agenda for FWB measurement and theoretical development.

This paper aims to analyse the effect of vision, hearing and haptics on tourism metaverse previews and pre-experiences and compares the effects of metaverse previews and pre-experiences on the intention to visit.

A sample of 172 individuals answered an online survey about their previous interaction with the tourism metaverse – 104 had tourism metaverse previews, and 68 had tourism metaverse pre-experiences. Then, a case study of a tourism metaverse pre-experience was analysed to strengthen and further understand the quantitative study.

While vision and hearing are significant in tourism metaverse previews, only vision and haptics contribute to obtaining a sense of presence in tourism metaverse pre-experiences, although the potential of hearing. Tourism metaverse pre-experiences have a stronger positive impact on the intention to visit the destination than tourism metaverse previews.

Practitioners should integrate the sense of haptics in the metaverse pre-experiences, despite the costs involved, because the immersive sense of presence has stronger effects on visit intentions than metaverse previews. However, the dependence on sensorial stimuli and the effect on tourism growth may limit the advantages of metaverse as an alternative for impaired tourists and to reduce overtourism.

This paper clarifies the different effects that each sensory stimulus has in the sense of presence, depending on different levels of immersiveness, requiring congruence. The value of metaverse pre-experiences is highlighted with the evidence of strengthening the intention to visit.

本文分析视觉、听觉和触觉对旅游元宇宙预览和预体验的影响, 并比较元宇宙预览和预体验对访问意愿的影响。

172人样本回答了关于他们之前与旅游元宇宙互动的在线调查 - 104人有过旅游元宇宙预览, 68人有过旅游元宇宙预体验。然后, 研究分析了旅游元宇宙预体验的一个案例, 以加强和进一步理解定量研究。

虽然所分析的三种感官刺激在旅游元宇宙预览中很重要, 但只有视觉和触觉有助于在旅游元宇宙预体验中获得存在感, 尽管听觉也具有潜力。旅游元宇宙预体验对访问目的地的意愿有比旅游元宇宙预览更强的积极影响。

本文阐明了每种感官刺激对临场感的不同影响, 并发现这些影响取决于不同的沉浸感水平和一致性。由于元宇宙预体验可以加强访问意愿, 其价值也得以凸显。

尽管成本较高, 但从业者应该将触觉融入元宇宙预体验中, 因为沉浸式临场感对访问意愿的影响比元宇宙预览更大。然而, 对感官刺激的依赖和对旅游业增长的影响可能会限制元宇宙作为残障游客的替代方案和减少过度旅游的优势。

Este artículo analiza el efecto de la visión, la audición y el tacto en las previsualizaciones y pre-experiencias de metaversos turísticos y compara los efectos de las previsualizaciones y pre-experiencias de metaversos en la intención de visita.

Una muestra de 172 personas respondió a una encuesta online sobre su interacción previa con el metaverso turístico: 104 habían tenido previsualizaciones del metaverso turístico y 68 habían tenido pre-experiencias del metaverso turístico. A continuación, se analizó un estudio de caso de una pre-experiencia de metaverso turístico para reforzar y comprender mejor el estudio cuantitativo.

Aunque los tres estímulos sensoriales analizados son significativos en las previsualizaciones de metaversos turísticos, sólo la visión y el tacto contribuyen a obtener una sensación de presencia en las pre-experiencias de metaversos turísticos, a pesar del potencial de la audición. Las pre-experiencias en el metaverso turístico tienen un mayor impacto positivo en la intención de visitar el destino que las previsualizaciones en el metaverso turístico.

Los profesionales deberían integrar el sentido del tacto en las pre-experiencias del metaverso, a pesar de los costes que ello implica, porque la sensación inmersiva de presencia tiene efectos más fuertes en las intenciones de visita que las previsualizaciones metaverso. Sin embargo, la dependencia de los estímulos sensoriales y el efecto sobre el crecimiento del turismo pueden limitar las ventajas de los metaversos como alternativa para los turistas discapacitados y para reducir la sobreexplotación turística.

Este artículo explica los diferentes efectos que cada estímulo sensorial tiene en la sensación de presencia, dependiendo de los distintos niveles de inmersión, requiriendo congruencia. Se destaca el valour de las pre-experiencias en el metaverso con la evidencia de que refuerzan la intención de visita.

This paper aims to examine the image realism effect, studying how changing the front-of-package visual affects the acceptance of an insect-based food by consumers. By comparing reactions to realistic and less realistic images of an insect as an ingredient, this research investigated how visual imagery can affect consumers’ responses, reducing perceived disgust or increasing expected taste.

Three experiments studied the impact of realistic (photo) versus less realistic (drawing) images for two types of insects (mealworm, cricket) on consumers’ psychological distance from the image, perceived disgust, expected taste, willingness to eat, purchase intention and food choice.

Study 1 demonstrates that using a less realistic insect image reduces perceived disgust, with psychological distance from this image and perceived disgust mediating realism effect on willingness to eat. Study 2 shows that a less realistic insect image, perceived as more remote, improves expected taste and willingness to eat. Study 3 confirms the results by measuring behavior: consumers were more likely to choose the product with the less realistic image.

The research focused on one kind of product and two ways of depicting this product, limiting the generalizability of the findings for other visual representations and product categories.

The findings suggest how brand managers can use the image realism effect on the packaging of novel, sustainable products to influence consumers, reducing their disgust and increasing their expected taste.

This research breaks new ground by explaining how visual cues on packaging affect the acceptance of insect-eating, drawing on construal level theory.

Agriculture emerges as a prerequisite for food tourism, and landscapes and lifestyles portray the traditions of rural people, places, and practices. This chapter explores the rural food tourist as a type of tourist who appreciates and values the authenticity and identity of food and beverage products based on their origin. The chapter analyses the relation between online marketing and the cheese tourist. Social media is increasingly regarded as a source of tourism information, and its use as a communication and marketing tool is crucial both at business and destination levels. In this sense, the digital presence of rural assets such as food is a significant way to promote destination identity to tourists. This chapter reviews the digital presence of 28 Spanish cheeses with Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PDI) labels. The chapter explores digital content as a source of information and knowledge for the rural food tourist.

The recruitment and promotion of teaching academics in the UK is constrained by a complex array of career progression barriers. These barriers have led to an increasing trend of horizontal career (lack of) progression. The purpose of this paper is to reveal and discuss linearity and horizontality constrictions, challenges and issues impacting on potential careers in tourism academia.

This study uses a leading UK national academic recruitment website to gather data and insights from across 137 posted jobs related to tourism between 2020 and 2022.

The main findings of this work note the constrictions of the UK academic job market and the consequences it poses for academics within tourism and beyond. It is proposed that future research to further understand the realities faced by academics is needed to prompt action for change to create more enriching career development.

The contribution of this study centres around sense making a phenomenon that exists but is not often talked about within academia (whether in tourism or beyond). For academics and managers, this paper presents an opportunity to reflect more holistically on careers with a view to instigating valuable change moving forward (for oneself or others). There is also a dearth of studies relating to career progression of tourism higher education educators.

This paper aims to examine the structure and content of religious tourism destination image through the reviews of visitors to Makkah and Medina, two of the world’s most popular Muslim pilgrimage sites.

This is an exploratory netnographic study of the 913 reviews posted on TripAdvisor from 2018 to 2022. The structure (dimensions and attributes) and content (variables) comprising the construct of religious tourism destination image emerge through manual thematic analysis and confirmed through content analysis.

Religious tourism destination image is a three-dimensional – cognitive, affective and conative – construct comprising both religion-specific, generally sacred and secular variables in a single, indivisible crystallization of experience.

Destination marketing organizations and marketers of tourism enterprises should regularly analyze visitor reviews posted on social media and carefully manage all variables of the religious tourism destination image, specifically stressing the religious aspect.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of the structure and content of religious tourism destination image based on detailed consumer evaluations and unprompted storytelling.

The academic background of tourism marketing dates back to the 1960s. There had been a slight increase in its capacity until the early 1990s. However, since then, it has boomed, reaching thousands of scientific journal articles and tens of scientific books published only in English each year. Therefore, this study aims to present how tourism marketing has progressed academically within the past 60 years over four waves and how this progress may move forward as the next wave.

A bibliometric analysis grounds this study, which characterizes the past and present of tourism marketing research and anticipates the future. Content analysis, such as word clouds and social network analysis, was adopted to identify topic clusters and their connections. A total of 9,239 articles published between 1969 and 2024 were extracted from Scopus. Software packages such as VOSviewer were used to determine connections within topics.

The authors have assessed the findings broadly. Four waves were from the late 1960s to the first quarter of 2000. In spite of the limited size of papers at the early stage, the last wave saw a boom and a diversified number and category of subjects studied. In each wave, new subjects were added to broaden the picture.

The discussion of findings is based only on those scientific papers published in English since 1969 but excludes the whole list of textbooks. Subsequent research should also consider all papers and textbooks released in different languages to have the broadest picture assessment worldwide.

The study conveys various suggestions for industry practitioners and policymakers to focus on carefully assessing trends in marketing tourism services and how these may be shaped shortly. This may help practitioners and policymakers redesign their services and marketing strategies in light of future developments.

This study continues a recent study published by Kozak (2023) that has been elaborated, particularly from the industry perspective. The current study examines the academic profile of all subjects investigated in the case of tourism marketing, but mainly in an academic sense. Accordingly, this paper outlines the facts and trends researchers may follow throughout the research frame published in the past six decades.

旅游营销的学术背景可以追溯到20世纪60年代。在20世纪90年代初之前, 旅游营销的研究能力有所提升, 但增幅有限。然而, 自那时起, 旅游营销领域迅速发展, 每年仅用英文发表的期刊文章已达到数千篇, 出版的书籍也达到了数十本。因此, 本研究旨在展示过去60年内旅游营销研究在学术上的发展历程, 分为四个浪潮, 并探讨未来可能出现的下一个发展浪潮。

本研究以文献计量分析为基础, 描述了旅游营销研究的过去和现在, 并预测了未来的发展。采用内容分析方法, 如词云和社交网络分析, 确定了主题集群及其相互联系。从Scopus数据库中提取了1969年至2024年间发表的9,239篇文章, 并使用VOSviewer等软件包确定了主题之间的联系。

我们对研究结果进行了广泛的评估。从20世纪60年代末到2000年的第一季度, 共出现了四个浪潮。尽管早期阶段的论文数量有限, 但在最后一个浪潮中, 研究主题的数量和类别均呈现出爆炸式增长。在每个浪潮中, 均有新的研究主题被引入, 使得研究广度得以拓宽。

本研究的讨论结果仅基于自1969年以来用英文发表的科学论文, 不包括书籍。后续研究应考虑不同语言发布的所有论文和书籍, 以获得全球范围内最广泛的评估图景。

对行业从业者和政策制定者的建议集中在审慎评估旅游服务营销趋势及其未来可能的变化上。这可能有助于从业者和政策制定者在未来发展背景下重新设计其服务和营销策略。

本研究延续了Kozak（2023）最近发表的以行业视角为主的研究, 从学术角度全面考察了旅游营销领域内所有被研究主题的学术轮廓。具体而言, 本论文概述了过去六十年间已发表研究框架中的事实和趋势, 为研究人员提供可遵循的指导。

Los antecedentes académicos del marketing turístico se remontan a la década de 1960. Hasta principios de la década de 1990 se produjo un ligero aumento de su capacidad. Sin embargo, desde entonces ha experimentado un gran auge, alcanzando miles de artículos de revistas y decenas de libros publicados solo en inglés cada año. Por lo tanto, este estudio pretende presentar cómo ha progresado académicamente el marketing turístico en los últimos 60 años, a lo largo de cuatro oleadas, y cómo este progreso puede avanzar como la siguiente oleada en el futuro.

Un análisis bibliométrico fundamenta este estudio, en el que se caracteriza el pasado y el presente de la investigación en marketing turístico y se anticipa el futuro. Para identificar los grupos temáticos y sus conexiones se adoptaron análisis de contenido, como nubes de palabras y análisis de redes sociales. De Scopus se extrajeron nueve mil doscientos treinta y nueve artículos publicados entre 1969 y 2024. Se utilizaron paquetes de software, como VOSviewer, para determinar las conexiones dentro de los temas.

Hemos evaluado los resultados a grandes rasgos. Hubo cuatro oleadas, desde finales de los años sesenta hasta el primer trimestre de 2000. A pesar del limitado número de trabajos de las primeras oleadas, en la última se produjo un auge y una diversificación del número y la categoría de los temas estudiados. En cada oleada se añadieron nuevos temas para ampliar el panorama.

El análisis de los resultados se basa únicamente en los artículos científicos publicados en inglés desde 1969, pero excluye toda la lista de libros de texto. En futuras investigaciones deberían incluirse todos los artículos y libros de texto publicados en otros idiomas para ofrecer un panorama lo más amplio posible a nivel mundial.

Las recomendaciones para los profesionales del sector y los responsables políticos se centran en evaluar con detenimiento las tendencias en la comercialización de los servicios turísticos y en cómo pueden evolucionar en un futuro próximo. Esto puede ayudar a los profesionales y a los responsables políticos a rediseñar sus servicios y estrategias de marketing teniendo en cuenta la evolución futura.

Este estudio se basa en uno anterior, publicado recientemente por Kozak (2023), que se desarrolló específicamente desde la perspectiva de la industria. El presente estudio examina el perfil académico de todos los sujetos estudiados en el caso del marketing turístico, pero principalmente desde una perspectiva académica. En consecuencia, en este trabajo se esbozan los hechos y tendencias que los investigadores pueden seguir a lo largo del marco de investigación publicado en las últimas seis décadas.

This study addresses a gap in the literature by examining the marketing strategies adopted by wineries in the context of wine tourism. This study aims to identify marketing strategic orientations and highlight their significance in the context of wine tourism.

The research uses a comparative case study approach, focusing on two wine regions, Roussillon (France) and Empordà (Spain). It involves the analysis of 99 active winery websites to identify marketing orientations. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and ANOVA tests were used to achieve this.

The study reveals four distinct wine tourism strategic orientations adopted by wineries in these regions. It emphasizes the importance of external ties, varying levels of competitiveness, website performance and geographical differences as key findings. The results show that wineries with a clear diversification strategy benefit from a higher level of competitiveness.

This research contributes to the academic literature by identifying different marketing strategies within wine tourism, highlighting their importance and providing a comprehensive analysis of key areas, thus adding original insights to the existing body of literature.

This study explores luxury wine hospitality by considering (1) physical activities and (2) activities created by integrating the physical domain with digital technology. In doing so, it aims to identify the different types of wine tourism-related luxury experiences and build a framework for interpreting hybrid luxury experiences in wine hospitality in the digital era.

An explorative mixed-methods approach was adopted to investigate types of luxury wine hospitality using cluster analysis and in-depth interviews with producers of wines with controlled and guaranteed designation of origin in Italy’s Sangiovese area.

This study presents a framework for understanding hybrid digital and physical experiences in wine hospitality by examining the core components of luxury experiences. We identify six types of luxury experiences in wine hospitality that combine a physical experiential component with varying degrees of integration with digital technologies.

Our findings (1) provide wine businesses operating in hospitality within the luxury segment with a useful tool for optimising the integration of digital technology into physical experiences to add value to visitors’ activities and (2) highlight the importance of digital skills for wineries that organise luxury experiences.

This study systematises the integration of digital technologies into physical activities related to wine hospitality. It presents a hybrid physical–digital analytical framework that adopts an experiential outline of the strategic design of wine hospitality businesses.