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The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore three dimensions (initiative, conformity and distance) of followership role orientation among lower-level managers in apparel factories, and second, to examine to what extent these orientations are influenced by the position held and the tasks performed.

Pragmatism is selected as the research philosophy and a quantitative research design is adopted. Empirical data is obtained through a combination of exploratory and descriptive research strategies. The research was conducted in eight Bulgarian enterprises, and 219 managers took part in it.

Lower-level managers in clothing factories indicate low-to-moderate initiative orientation, moderate-to-high conformity orientation and low-to-moderate distance orientation. It is found that the position held and tasks performed influence the followership role orientations of lower-level managers. The influence is most significant regarding the conformity orientation – foremen and storekeepers show moderate-to-high conformity, QC supervisors are neutral and technologists express low-to-moderate conformity.

This paper is the first to study the followership role orientations of lower-level managers in apparel manufacturers. A unique combination of dimensions is used to measure follower orientations and a new assessment tool is described and validated. Thus, the study fills a significant gap in followership theory and enriches the practical toolkit for managing employee relations in clothing factories.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between employee dynamic capabilities (EDCs), innovative work behavior (IWB) and job performance (JP) among nurses in public hospitals in Iraq. It also determines the mediating role of IWB in the relationship between EDC and JP.

This study uses structural equation modeling via partial least squares (PLS-SEM) and bootstrapping estimation to analyze the model. A total of 425 respondents participated in the survey, though only 372 participants completed all the items in the questionnaire. Hence, 372 responses were analyzed after data screening.

This study indicates that EDC has a positive correlation with IWB among nurses in public hospitals in Iraq. It also shows that IWB has a positive relationship with JP. It further demonstrates that IWB has a positive mediating effect on the relationship between EDC and JP among nurses in Iraq’s public hospitals.

The implication of this study is that EDC can significantly predict IWB, while the latter is a significant predictor of JP among nurses in public hospitals in Iraq. Besides, the relationship between EDC and JP is significantly mediated by IWB. However, as a cross-sectional investigation showing a single snapshot in time, this study has some limitations in terms of establishing strict causality among the variables. Rather than extensive actual data, the findings are based on a log compiled by a key respondent. The findings are obtained from a survey conducted in one country, but certain variables, such as EDC, may have varying implications across different countries. Hence, future research can focus on a diverse range of countries, which could be used to ascertain the findings’ generalizability.

This study advances our understanding of the direct effect of the exploration and exploitation variables as well as the mediating effect of IWB in the relationship between EDC and JP among nurses in public hospitals in Iraq.