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This study aims to address the gap in current knowledge on the social acceptance of political violence against, or in response to, the Canadian oil and gas industry. Specifically, this research sought to determine if environmental attitudes and behaviours can be predictors for support of various degrees of violent pro-environmental protest.

Drawing upon Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour and Oreg and Katz-Gerro’s model for predicting pro-environmental behaviour, the study examines data from a survey of 409 Canadians and uses step-wise regression to measure the association of predictors linking environmental attitudes with support for protester violence.

Findings suggest that personal willingness to sacrifice for the environment and a perception of environmental threat and concern are primary predictors linking environmental attitudes with support for protester violence. The study also identifies contextual factors such as age, activism history and police response tactics as influential.

The research contributes to understanding the complexities of environmental conflict and its implications for energy security policy. The results suggest that policies which encourage environmental sensitivity and commitment may be encouraging greater levels of activism and potentially violence against oil and gas companies.

While there exists research on the level of acceptance behind modern political violence in general, particularly against government in a broad sense, there is a noticeable absence of available literature on the risks of such political violence as it pertains specifically to oil and gas development and infrastructure in Canada.

The objective of the research is to examine the impact of global governance and macroeconomic indicators on the lending capacity of banks in India.

Employing a comprehensive time series dataset spanning from 1996 to 2022, we utilize the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model approach to investigate the short-run and long-run impact of government policy (GP) effectiveness, lending interest rates and remittance inflows (RI) on the lending capacity of banks in India.

The findings of the study indicate that lending interest rates have a statistically insignificant impact on lending capacity in the short term. However, in the long run, an increase in the lending interest rate leads to a decrease in lending capacity, whereas a decrease in the lending interest rate has a non-significant impact. On the other hand, the effectiveness of GPs affects both short-term and long-term lending capacity. In the short run, positive or negative changes in GP effectiveness lead to a decline in lending capacity. Whereas in the long run, a positive shock in GP effectiveness increases lending capacity, while a negative shock decreases it. Lastly, RI indicated no significant short-term impact on the lending capacity of the banks. Conversely, in the long run, a positive change in RI enhances lending capacity, whereas a negative change in RI reduces it, with a more pronounced effect.

The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a pioneering study that utilizes global governance and macroeconomic indicators to examine the impact on the lending capacity of banks and financial institutions in India. Moreover, the study adopts a non-linear approach to examine the relationship between the chosen variables, which enables an understanding of the impact of both positive and negative shocks on the dependent variable both in the short and long run. Lastly, the examination sheds light on the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 8.10, which is related to financial inclusion and it is a major concern for a large developing nation like India.