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This study aims to directly compare risk and protective factors of male and female gang-involved youth.

This study uses the 2022 Arizona Youth Survey data. Gang-involved boys and girls are compared through multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between risk and protective factors and youth gang membership.

Multivariate analyses reveal significant differences in risk and protective factors between gang-involved boys and girls in connection with family conflict.

There is a need for semi-specialized prevention and intervention programming for male and female gang youth. Gang programs should emphasize addressing issues with family and home life more for girls than for boys. School-based gang programs need to similarly emphasize educational commitment and positive peer influence for both gang-involved boys and girls. Improving positive neighborhood attachment through community programming will be beneficial for reducing the likelihood of gang involvement for both girls and boys.

There is a need to improve comprehension of the similarities and differences among male and female gang youth. Few studies directly compare the two groups, and by focusing on risk/protective factors, the results can help to provide direct applications to existing intervention and prevention programming.

This study aims to reexamine the moderating role of human capital on the effect of extended financial inclusion (FI) for entrepreneurship, using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for a sample of 42 countries from 2006 to 2017.

This study distinguished between actual and perceived human capital. Actual human capital was measured through formal education while perceived human capital was captured by self-perceived capabilities for business start-ups. The moderating role of human capital was captured by the interaction terms between FI and human capital to investigate how the effects of FI on entrepreneurship vary with levels of human capital. The estimation used the panel-corrected standard error estimators and the two-step system generalized method of moments estimators.

Higher levels of formal education decrease the positive effect of extended FI on entrepreneurial activities. Individuals with high levels of self-capability do not leverage FI for entrepreneurial activities as much as those with lower levels of perceived capability. The results are robust to different estimation methods and different forms of actual human capital.

Both financial and human capital matter for new business formation worldwide. The findings suggest that FI policies must account for the decreasing effect in response to high levels of human capital. Future research should explore different measures of entrepreneurial performance, various types of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship across gender groups to gain deeper insights into strategies for promoting entrepreneurship.

Education strategies should focus on specific types of education, such as entrepreneurship education with financial literacy, rather than traditional academic curriculum, to foster entrepreneurship knowledge, skills and creativity. Likewise, entrepreneurship support schemes should aim to nurture and share appropriate levels of self-efficacy, avoiding excessively high self-efficacy, which is deleterious to the benefits of FI for entrepreneurial activities.

This study offers novel evidence of the decreasing effects of FI on entrepreneurial activities in response to increased actual and perceived human capital.

Many individuals start a new firm each year, mainly intending to become independent or improve their financial situation. For most of them, the first years of operations mean a substantial investment of time, effort and money with highly insecure outcomes. This study aims to explore how entrepreneurs running new firms perform financially compared with the established ones and how this situation influences their well-being.

A questionnaire survey was completed in 2021 and 2022 by a representative sample of N = 1136 solo self-employed and microentrepreneurs in the Czech Republic, with dependent self-employed excluded. This study used multiple regressions for data analysis.

Early-stage entrepreneurs are less satisfied with their financial situation, have lower disposable income and report more significant financial problems than their established counterparts. The situation is even worse for the subsample of startups. However, this study also finds they do not have lower well-being than established entrepreneurs. While a worse financial situation is generally negatively related to well-being, being a startup founder moderates this link. Startup founders can maintain a good level of well-being even in financial struggles.

The results suggest that policies should focus on reducing the costs related to start-up activities. Further, policy support should not be restricted to new technological firms. Startups from all fields should be eligible to receive support, provided that they meet the milestones of their development. For entrepreneurship education, this study‘s results support action-oriented approaches that help build entrepreneurs’ self-efficacy while making them aware of cognitive biases common in entrepreneurship. This study also underscores that effectuation or lean startup approaches help entrepreneurs develop their startups efficiently and not deprive themselves of resources because of their unjustified overconfidence.

This study contributes to a better understanding of the financial situation and well-being of founders of new firms and, specifically, startups. The personal financial situation of startup founders has been a largely underexplored issue. Compared with other entrepreneurs, this study finds that startup founders are, as individuals, in the worst financial situation. Their well-being remains, however, on a comparable level with that of other entrepreneurs.

Transgender individuals are more susceptible to psychological distress and mental health issues. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and stress among individuals from the transgender community.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2022 among the transgender community in Karachi and Hyderabad. A standardized, self-administered DASS-42 questionnaire was used, and a non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. The frequency and percentages of variables were calculated. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the items within the subscale. The impact of socio-demographic factors on depression, anxiety and stress levels was assessed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression.

Out of total 352 transgender individuals, the majority of them were experiencing extremely severe depression with 187 (53.1) affected. Additionally, 267 (75.9) individuals were dealing with extremely severe anxiety and 167 (47.4) facing severe stress. The mean depression score was 26.3 ± 8.6, with stress following closely at 26.2 ± 7.9 and anxiety at 23.5 ± 8.3. The scale had excellent internal consistency, as shown by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93. Male sex had a 3.48 (95% C.I: 1.34–9.05) fold higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety compared to females.

One of the limitations of this study is the use of a non-probability convenient sampling technique and the collection of data exclusively from two cities of Pakistan (Karachi and Hyderabad).

The study identified specific mental health challenges faced by transgender individuals in Sindh, enabling mental health professionals and policymakers to develop targeted interventions and counseling services. This includes advocating for mental health programs and anti-discrimination laws that address the unique stressors experienced by transgender individuals. Community awareness and support programs aimed at educating the public, reducing stigma and fostering acceptance of transgender individuals should be implemented to achieve better outcomes.

he research can help raise awareness about the challenges faced by transgender individuals, fostering greater empathy and understanding among the general public. This may contribute to reducing societal stigma, prejudice and discrimination against the transgender community. The study can encourage efforts to create a more inclusive society where transgender individuals feel valued and accepted in family, educational and workplace settings. Thich research can also serve as a tool for advocacy, empowering transgender individuals to voice their concerns and demand their rights, which could lead to greater self-confidence and a stronger sense of community among transgender people.

This study revealed a significant prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among transgender individuals. Regular assessment and implementation of appropriate measures should be conducted to promote their mental well-being. By actively engaging with transgender individuals, we can develop more effective strategies to meet their mental health needs and foster social integration and acceptance.

This paper investigates causal connections between childhood adversities and chronic health problems among Brazilians aged 50 and over.

The study employed propensity score matching (PSM) using data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The sample analyzed consisted of two groups: individuals who experienced childhood adversities and those who did not.

Individuals who experienced nutritional and health adversities in childhood are more likely to develop health problems at older ages, such as high blood pressure, osteoporosis, asthma, rheumatism and chronic column problems in adulthood.

The main limitation of this research is the use of a cross-sectional database, which poses challenges such as recall bias and sample selection bias.

The study reinforces the importance of investing in childhood to mitigate the severity of chronic diseases in later life.

The findings support increased investment in childhood nutritional programs and healthcare, which can improve human capital and reduce long-term medical and economic losses due to chronic diseases.

While economic research on medical issues is abundant in developed countries, where a predictable causal relationship between childhood adversities and chronic health problems in later life has been established, there is a lack of depth in this research in developing countries, particularly in Brazil. This study aims to contribute to health policy formulation, the development of medical facilities and research in Brazil.

While extensive research exists on how positive life circumstances and positive personality traits promote entrepreneurship, there is little research focusing on how negative personal circumstances may potentially breed entrepreneurship. This study aims to build upon the theory of underdog entrepreneurship to examine the effect of challenging life circumstances such as poverty on the development of entrepreneurial traits in underdog entrepreneurs. This research analyzed the effect of risk-taking (RT) on the entrepreneurial success (ES) of underdog entrepreneurs and the role of optimism (OPM) and persistence (P) as mediating variables and poverty as a moderator variable.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data from 400 micro-finance borrowers of Akhuwat Foundation Pakistan. Akhuwat provides interest-free small loans to the poor segment of society. Preliminary testing of the survey questionnaire with a sample of 35 borrowers of Akhuwat Foundation in Lahore city was conducted before data collection. Data was collected from four randomly selected branches in Lahore city.

The authors found that OPM and P significantly mediate the relationship between RT and ES. In addition, the authors analyzed the moderating effect of poverty on the relationship between OPM and ES and found a negative moderating effect. A strong positive moderating effect of poverty was found on the relationship between P and ES. The results of multi-group analysis show that successful and unsuccessful underdog entrepreneurs differ in their RT propensity, which is significantly mediated by OPM and P.

This study provides empirical evidence on entrepreneurial traits and success of poor entrepreneur in an emerging economy. This work is original and has not been submitted elsewhere.

The study determined the role of personal values in doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) students’ academic success in Tanzania. Specifically, it looked into the influence of openness to change values, self-enhancement values and conservation values on Ph.D. students’ academic success.

The study employed a cross-sectional survey design, in which 200 Ph.D. students from Tanzanian universities were involved by responding to a questionnaire. The relationship between the variables was determined by using structural equation modeling, and testing of the measurement model was done by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

The results indicate that personal values influence Ph.D. students’ academic success. Particularly, openness to change values have an ß value of 0.209 and p value of < 0.001, self-enhancement values have an ß of 0.173 and p-value of < 0.001 and conservation values have ß of 0.339 and p-value of < 0.001.

In the quest to improve Ph.D. students’ academic success, universities and Ph.D. students should foster openness to change values, self-enhancement values and conservation values in Ph.D. students.

The results of this study extend the use of the Schwartz theory of basic human values in explaining the academic success of Ph.D. students in Tanzanian universities. Past studies that applied this theory were based on secondary school and college students. Moreover, based on the author’s knowledge, this study is one of the early studies to systematically look into the role of personal values on Ph.D. students’ academic success. Thus, the study contributes to the existing literature on personal values and academic success because previous studies on this subject could not examine Ph.D. students’ success in isolation.

This conceptual paper aims to contribute to prior corporate social responsibility (CSR) studies by examining CSR issues through the lens of the behavioral theory of the firm, which emphasizes the bounded rationality and limited cognition of firms’ decision-makers. The authors suggest that social aspiration may be a more important benchmark since stakeholders tend to evaluate a firm’s corporate social performance (CSP) against other comparable firms.

After reviewing various theoretical perspectives that have been applied to CSR studies spanning from 1985 to 2023, the authors summarize their limitations on examining executives’ decisions toward CSR initiatives. By drawing on the behavioral theory of the firm, a conceptual model was developed to explain how firm executives increase subsequent CSR initiatives when their firms’ CSP is below social aspiration.

This study suggests that firms increase their subsequent CSR initiatives when their CSP is below the performance of their peers. Furthermore, the authors propose three important characteristics of chief executive officers, including tenure, hubris and international experience, as boundary conditions that can impact the extent of firms’ subsequent CSR initiatives when CSP is below social aspiration.

The paper contributes to the CSR literature by emphasizing the influence of decision-makers’ bounded rationality on firms’ CSR initiatives.

This study explores whether and how archival records can address the social oppression faced by Chinese immigrants through community engagement, with the aim of fostering transformative change within marginalized communities.

Guided by Paulo Freire’s concepts of generative themes and dialogue, this community-based qualitative case study engaged seven participants in a workshop that used archival materials about Chinese immigration history. Participants interacted with three groups of materials and had collective discussions. They reflected on their perceptions of the history and stories documented in the archival materials and further shared insights on the fairness of current immigration systems, as well as potential changes necessary for a more equitable immigration system.

The archival records activated dialogues in which participants expressed disappointment with historical and ongoing exclusion by the government. They critiqued social beliefs such as the expectation that Asians must conform to white normativity to be accepted in the United States. Participants explored the challenges facing the community, reflected on how their experiences resonate with the archival stories and identified the “cyclical oppression” of the Chinese immigrant community. I propose this process as “dialogue-based archives,” which engages marginalized community members in conversations through archival records, fostering mutual respect, active listening, sharing of lived experiences and critical reflection on oppression.

Dialogue-based archives effectively engage marginalized communities. It also constitutes rigorous scholarship, contributing to the field of Library and Information Science (LIS) by challenging the dominant white-elitist and Euro-Anglo-centric discourse within the field and highlighting the value of archival engagement work in addressing the needs of marginalized communities. It also specifically contributes to critical archival studies by providing grassroots insights into collection building and description.

Just transition is a fundamental concept for supply chain management but neither discipline pays attention to the other and little is known about how supply chains can be orchestrated as socioecological systems to manage these transitions. Building from a wide range of just transition examples, this paper explores just transition to understand how to move beyond instrumental supply chain practices to supply chains functioning in harmony with the planet and its people.

Building from a systematic review of 72 papers, the paper identifies just transition examples while interpreting them through the theoretical lens of supply chain management, providing valuable insights to help research and practice understand how to achieve low-carbon economies through supply chain management in environmentally and socially just ways.

The paper defines, elaborates, and extends the just transition construct by developing a transition taxonomy with two key dimensions. The purpose dimension (profit or shared outcomes) and the governance dimension (government-/industry-led versus civil society-involved), generating four transition archetypes. Most transitions projects are framed around the Euro- and US-centric, capitalist standards of development, leading to coloniality as well as economic and cultural depletion of communities. Framing just transition in accordance with context-specific plural values, the paper provides an alternative perspective to the extractive transition concept. This can guide supply chain management to decarbonise economies and societies by considering the rights of nature, communities and individuals.

Introducing just transition into the supply chain management domain, this paper unifies the various conceptualisations of just transition into a holistic understanding, providing a new foundation for supply chain management research.