Search results

Informed by the social disorganization theory (SDT), the study intends to identify the ecological factors most likely to predict assaults against the police recorded over five years in a southern American state, which has a relatively large rural population.

The study uses aggregated county-level data on non-lethal assault against the police recorded in Kentucky between 2012 and 2016. We anticipated that structural conditions would affect directly and indirectly assaults against the police. Because predictors of social disorganization generally correlate with crimes police respond to, we hypothesized that the effects of SDT predictors on police victimization will be mediated by violent crime rates and domestic violence rates.

The study found partial empirical support for the social disorganization theory. Assaults against the police were more common in counties that had a higher proportion of female-headed households, higher rates of domestic violence citations and higher violent crime rates. Conversely, police victimization was less common in densely populated areas and in counties with higher poverty rates. While family disruption had significant direct and indirect positive effects on police victimization, the significant positive effect of ethnic heterogeneity (percent Black population) was only indirect. Residential instability did not predict significant variations in police victimization.

To our knowledge, no prior research attempted to determine if SDT is a valid theoretical framework when non-lethal assaults on police are examined beyond metropolitan areas. This analysis extends to counties research assessing the effects of structural conditions on nonfatal assaults against the police. Additionally, by including domestic violence among the correlates of police victimization, the current macro-level study addresses an apparent gap in the literature.

This study addresses the production optimization of a cellular manufacturing system (CMS) in magnetic production enterprises. Magnetic products and raw materials are more critical to transport than general products because the attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles can easily cause traffic jams. This study needs to address a method to promote the scheduling efficiency of the problem.

To address this problem, this study formulated a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to describe the problem and proposed an auction and negotiation-based approach with a local search to solve it. Auction- and negotiation-based approaches can obtain feasible and high-quality solutions. A local search operator was proposed to optimize the feasible solutions using an improved conjunctive graph model.

Verification tests were performed on a series of numerical examples. The results demonstrated that the proposed auction and negotiation-based approach with a local search operator is better than existing solution methods for the problem identified. Statistical analysis of the experiment results using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software demonstrated that the proposed approach is efficient, stable and suitable for solving large-scale numerical instances.

An improved auction and negotiation-based approach was proposed; The conjunctive graph model was also improved to describe the problem of CMS with traffic jam constraint and build the local search operator; The authors’ proposed approach can get better solution than the existing algorithms by testing benchmark instances and real-world instances from enterprises.

The purpose of this chapter is to propose a framework that can assist school leaders in working toward respect that is mutual, and integrated with their other school improvement efforts. I define mutual respect as the work of intervening on those power asymmetries typically found in classrooms – both between teachers and students, and among diverse groups of students – by way of according children increased equality, autonomy, and equity. Drawing on empirical examples from an ethnographic and comparative study of four elementary schools situated across two educational systems (i.e., Montessori and International Baccalaureate (IB)) and two national contexts (i.e., the United States and Canada), I highlight the need for a framework for mutual respect. The work of embedding symmetry – particularly in schools, which reflect the racism, classism, sexism, ableism, and heterosexism that is ever-present in broader society – is anything but straightforward. This is because: (1) mutual respect is multidimensional, and these dimensions can reinforce and conflict with one another in unexpected ways; and (2) mutual respect can be operationalized via a school's instructional, organizational, and social practices, again in ways that may conflict or work synergistically. By highlighting the complexity of leading for mutual respect, this framework is a first step toward supporting such efforts in leadership preparation and practice.

This study investigates the differential effectiveness of leadership styles within the German Federal Police Office, focusing on how these styles interact with employees' personal values to influence organizational identification (OI). Thus, we investigate the augmentation hypothesis and explore the moderating effects of personal values on leadership effectiveness regarding OI.

Utilizing a quantitative cross-sectional design, the study analyzes responses from 1,816 police employees via the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Portraits Value Questionnaire. Hierarchical regressions are used to analyze the hypothesized associations.

The results indicate that transformational leadership significantly enhances OI more than transactional or laissez-faire leadership. Moderating effects of personal values reveal complex interactions: while transformational leadership consistently predicts higher OI, transactional leadership’s effectiveness varies according to the employees' values such as Conformity and Tradition enhancing OI, Universalism and Benevolence diminishing it. These findings suggest that leadership effectiveness in policing is contingent on aligning leadership style with the personal values of the employees.

This research contributes to the understanding of how personal values modulate the impact of leadership styles on organizational outcomes within police organizations. It underscores the necessity for police leaders to consider the value profiles of their employees to optimize OI and effectiveness. The study is among the first to systematically explore these dynamics within a law enforcement context, providing empirical evidence to inform targeted leadership development and policy-making in policing.

This chapter delves into the increasing internationalization of higher education and the pivotal role of English as a global academic language. It highlights the challenges non-native English speakers face in academic environments, particularly in the time and effort required to engage in English-mediated education. This chapter discusses the evolving landscape of AI in higher education, debating the responsible use of AI tools to support non-native speakers without compromising academic integrity or critical thinking skills. It stresses the need for improved digital literacy and clear guidelines for AI tool usage, ensuring that these innovations support rather than hinder academic progress and inclusivity.

The aim of this chapter is to explore the safety value of implementing Asimov's Laws of Robotics as a future general framework that humans should obey. Asimov formulated laws to make explicit the safeguards of the robots in his stories: (1) A robot may not injure or harm a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; (2) A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; (3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. In Asimov's stories, it is always assumed that the laws are built into the robots to govern the behaviour of the robots. As his stories clearly demonstrate, the Laws can be ambiguous. Moreover, the laws are not very specific. General rules as a guide for robot behaviour may not be a very good method to achieve robot safety – if we expect the robots to follow them. But would it work for humans? In this chapter, we ask whether it would make as much, or more, sense to implement the laws in human legislation with the purpose of governing the behaviour of people or companies that develop, build, market or use AI, embodied in robots or in the form of software, now and in the future.

This study proposes that strategic planning and execution can make CEO activism an effective public relations practice. It introduces a model for selecting activism topics, emphasizing issue maturity and congruence as critical factors. The study investigates how topic selection influences public trust in CEO activism and perceptions of CEO leadership, ultimately impacting public support for the advocated issue and company loyalty.

A randomized 2 × 2 experiment was conducted: issue maturity (mature vs controversial) and issue-company congruence (high vs low).

Generally, CEO activism on mature issues fostered greater public trust and favorable evaluations of transformational leadership compared to controversial issues. However, issue-company congruency significantly moderated these effects. Mature, high-congruence issues led to increased trust, positive leadership evaluations and greater advocacy and company loyalty. In contrast, mature issues with low congruency did not yield the same positive outcomes. Controversial issues with high congruency resulted in the lowest levels of trust, potentially leading to backlash and diminished the positive impact of CEO activism.

The results underscore the importance of strategic issue selection for CEO activism. Carefully chosen topics, considering both issue maturity and company-issue congruence, can effectively garner public support for the sociopolitical issue the CEO is advocating for while simultaneously enhancing perceptions of the CEO’s leadership and fostering company loyalty.

The purpose of this study is to address the gaps in existing research on the nonlinear characteristics of floating ring bearings, particularly by focusing on second-order nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficients. Traditional analytical models have limitations in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. This research aims to develop a more efficient and accurate method for analyzing these nonlinear characteristics, which are crucial for optimizing the design and performance of turbocharger floating ring bearings. The study also seeks to explore how variations in clearance ratio and load influence these coefficients.

This study develops a novel approach for analyzing the nonlinear characteristics of floating ring bearings by utilizing second-order nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficients. The proposed method replaces traditional analytical solution models with a nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficient model, enhancing both computational efficiency and accuracy. The model is validated through extensive simulations that account for varying clearance ratios and load conditions. The results are compared with those obtained from conventional methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in accurately capturing the nonlinear behavior of turbocharger floating ring bearings.

The study finds that the proposed nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficient model significantly enhances computational efficiency while accurately representing the nonlinear characteristics of floating ring bearings. The model not only reduces computation time but also provides a more precise analysis compared to traditional methods. Moreover, the research reveals that the clearance ratio and load conditions of the floating ring bearings have a substantial impact on the nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficients. These findings suggest that the proposed model and method could be highly beneficial for advancing the design and research of floating ring bearings in turbochargers.

With this statement, the authors hereby certify that the manuscript “Investigation on the nonlinear behaviors of floating ring bearings based on nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficient models” submitted to the journal Industrial Lubrication and Tribology is the results of their own effort and ability. They hereby confirm that this manuscript is their original work and has not been published nor has it been submitted simultaneously elsewhere. They further confirm that they have checked the manuscript and have agreed to the submission.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-09-2024-0324/