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This study delves into the intricate dynamics between technological readiness, knowledge sources and their collective impact on firms' ability to achieve ambidextrous green innovation (GI). It specifically aims to dissect the moderating influence of resource orchestration capability (ROC) in this nexus, proposing a nuanced exploration into how technological preparedness and the strategic utilisation of both internal and external knowledge sources can significantly steer firms towards successful exploitative and exploratory GI endeavours.

The study draws upon resource orchestration theory, integrating a cross-sectional approach that incorporates primary data from Pakistani manufacturing firms. The data consisting of 452 responses was analysed employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM).

The research verifies that technological readiness has a substantial influence on exploitative and exploratory GI. Moreover, it reveals that both internal and external knowledge resources mediate the link between technological readiness and ambidextrous GI. Notably, while ROC enhances the favourable impact of external knowledge resources on both types of GI, it does not significantly moderate the effect of internal knowledge sources.

Managers must prioritize enhancing technological preparedness and strategically coordinating knowledge resources to drive both exploitative and exploratory environmentally friendly innovation. Investments in technology and collaborations with external partners, guided by strong resource management capabilities, are crucial for achieving sustainable innovation.

This research contributes to ambidextrous GI literature by examining the roles of technological readiness, mediated by internal and external knowledge sources and moderated by ROC. It offers detailed insights into the mechanisms that promote sustainable innovation, enriching the current understanding of the subject.

The relationships between transformational leadership (TL), organizational climate (OC) and project performance have been investigated by previous studies, but no review of existing studies has systematically analyzed the effects of TL and OC on project performance in the industrial revolution (IR) 5.0 era. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a systematic literature review on the effects of TL and OC on project performance in IR 5.0, and to identify mainstream research topics, research gaps and future research directions.

To do this, a total of 53 included journal articles were obtained after initially retrieving 648 documents from the Scopus database by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. It consists of four main steps, namely, identification of documents, screening, eligibility and included articles. In addition, science mapping analyses were conducted for keyword co-occurrence and document analyses, which aided in identifying the mainstream research topics, research gaps and future research directions.

The results report the annual publication trends, keywords and document analyses. Furthermore, a detailed qualitative discussion highlighted four mainstream research topics including TL in project management; the relationship between TL, OC and innovation; safety climate; and OC in project management. Moreover, this review study identified four research gaps and future research directions aligned with the mainstream research topics. They include: longitudinal investigations and multinational corporation surveys in TL; scope and longitudinal data in innovation; mono-method bias and universality of safety climate; and more comprehensive analyses of OC.

This review study would contribute to not only advancing the effects of TL and OC on project performance in IR 5.0, but also enabling project managers to understand TL or OC issues to improve project performance.