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The purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior of a silicon solar cell when subjected to a magnetic field. Specifically, the study aims to understand how the presence of the magnetic field influences the distribution of excess minority carriers within the base region of the solar cell. By solving the one-dimensional continuity equation under these conditions, the study seeks to elucidate the transient dynamics of carrier generation, recombination and transport processes. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how external magnetic fields can impact the performance and efficiency of silicon solar cells, potentially informing future optimizations or applications in photovoltaic technology.

The solar cell is assumed to be uniformly illuminated, which simplifies the analysis of carrier generation to a function of depth (x). The emitter and space charge region contributions are considered while neglecting the diffusion region. The injection level remains constant throughout the analysis, focusing specifically on the base thickness region, H = 200 µm.

The findings of this study reveal significant insights into the behavior of a silicon solar cell under the influence of a magnetic field. Key findings include Impact on carrier distribution: the magnetic field affects the distribution of excess minority carriers within the base region of the solar cell. This distribution is crucial for understanding the efficiency of carrier collection and overall cell performance. Transient dynamics: the transient behavior of carrier generation, recombination and transport processes in the base region is influenced by the magnetic field. This understanding helps in predicting the response time and effectiveness of the solar cell under varying magnetic field strengths. Optimization potential: insights gained from this study suggest potential strategies for optimizing the design and operation of silicon solar cells to enhance their performance in environments where magnetic fields are present. Theoretical framework: the study provides a theoretical framework based on the one-dimensional continuity equation, offering a systematic approach to analyzing and predicting the behavior of solar cells under magnetic field conditions. These findings contribute to advancing the understanding of how external factors such as magnetic fields can impact the operation and efficiency of silicon solar cells, thereby guiding future research and development efforts in photovoltaic technology.

The originality and value of this study lie in its contribution to advancing the understanding of how magnetic fields influence silicon solar cell performance, providing both theoretical insights and potential practical applications in diverse technological contexts.

This study aims to elaborate on the antecedents of muzakki (zakat payers) paying zakat (Islamic philanthropy) through institutions with social media arrangements, while the drivers of social media engagement are used in the conceptual model with trust and intention.

Overall, the final sample of 230 respondents was obtained through the database of official zakat management institutions. Regarding analytical tools, this study combines the partial least square structural equation modelling and necessary condition analysis approaches to explore research findings.

The findings show that firm-generated information and trust play an important role directly and indirectly. At the same time, other constructions, such as social factors and user-based factors, provide variations in necessary conditions to increase the muzakki’s intention to channel their zakat through institutions.

Zakat institutions must focus on improving social media-based services by integrating important information, such as credibility and transparency, with muzakki’s preferences. Additionally, zakat information on social media must be attractively packaged and contain facilities that muzakki can use in communicating, such as; their opinions, suggestions and input. The findings, in general, underscore the attachment between muzakki and zakat institutions through social media, which can significantly impact the positive environment of zakat institutions.

To the author’s knowledge, this study is pioneering in conceptualizing and testing a theoretical model linking drivers of social media engagement, trust and intention to pay zakat through the institution, particularly in the levels of necessity.