Search results

The paper analyses the role and impact of Twitter in Spanish political communication, specifically focusing on how the platform influences the visibility and relevance of political candidates' messages during various election campaigns and across various political dimensions – government vs. opposition, traditional vs. populist, and left-wing vs. right-wing.

The study employs a longitudinal quantitative analysis perspective regarding the number and impact of messages posted by the main candidates in the six general elections held in Spain during the period 2011–2023. The tweets were automatically collected through the Twitter API for 54 days, between the call for elections and voting. The equalisation versus normalisation framework regarding social media is used.

The findings showed that the dissemination of messages on Twitter exhibited a skewed distribution characterized by notable differences in the unequal relevance of tweets between candidates on the left-right and traditional-populist axes, especially among the tweets with the highest impact. Tweets from opposition and populist candidates presented a greater level of relevance than those from government and conventional candidates. No discernible differences were identified along the ideological spectrum, indicating a high degree of cross-partisan engagement on social media. Findings indicate that opposition and populist candidates are strategically utilising Twitter, challenging the notion of normalisation and emphasising the equalising potential of social networks.

The study offers a long-term view of political communication, which is relatively rare in social media research, often focused on shorter time frames or single election cycles. The multidimensional comparison provides nuanced insights into how different political identities and affiliations are manifested and engaged with on social media.

This study provides an overview of the numerous theoretical facets of greenwashing (GW) and their relationship with sustainability, social responsibility and sustainable development. This study highlights the actions of governments and international organizations in GW. It delves into the sins of GW and the various metrics used in the literature to measure them. It seeks to distinguish between sustainability reporting and GW practices by offering a critical perspective on GW.

This study measures GW practices at the international level and compares them with the ESG disclosure score. The main determinants of GW are assessed by examining the impact of a set of variables on GW. The influence of various sources used to gather the data were assessed using multiple regression analysis.

Factors such as protocols and conventions, media role and the strength of environmental policies have a considerable and positive impact on the occurrence of GW.

Owing to the research method chosen for measuring variables such as GW scores, procedures for measuring GW in companies should be developed. Multicriteria modeling could be a suitable approach to address the sorting or portfolio approach.

This study provides a theoretical basis for examining GW from a business-economic standpoint. It presents various perspectives on GW, analyzes relevant theories and explores potential GW strategies. This study highlights the connection between GW and various factors, including the influence of conventions, role of the media and strength of environmental policies.