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Edible food packaging provides a solution to the solid waste problem caused by traditional packaging. However, tourists’ readiness to adopt this novel technology is unclear.

An online survey was conducted to examine how motivated consumer innovativeness (CI), environmental awareness, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and attitudes influence tourists' purchase behaviors in the context of edible food packaging in the tourism industry. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.2.8.

The results of the structural equation analysis indicate that each sub-factor of motivated consumer innovativeness positively influences attitudes. Additionally, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and personal norms were found to significantly impact purchase intentions. Environmental awareness was found to moderate the relationships between (1) perceived behavioral control and purchase intention, (2) subjective norms and purchase intention and (3) attitude and purchase intention. These findings expand the applicability of the diffusion of innovation, planned behavior and environmental awareness theories, offering useful insights for foodservice professionals.

This study emphasizes key implications for the tourism and foodservice industries, as consumers with an innovative attitude and higher environmental awareness are more likely to adopt edible food packaging. Identifying these factors will help stakeholders establish effective strategies for waste reduction through innovative packaging solutions.

This research uniquely investigates tourists' adoption of edible food packaging by integrating theories of innovation diffusion, planned behavior and environmental awareness. It offers novel insights into how various psychological and social factors influence purchase behaviors within the tourism industry.

The purpose of the study is to find the effect of convergent and divergent section length on the exit flow characteristics. Converging-diverging (CD) nozzle design can be difficult because of the necessity for precise geometry and an understanding of compressible fluid flow dynamics. To obtain the ideal supersonic speeds, it is challenging to make sure that the flow chokes at the throat, where the Mach number approaches one and then expands appropriately in the diverging region. The design needs to take into consideration things like the relationship between the area and Mach number, the impact of various pressure ratios and the flow’s isentropic interactions.

An ideal thrust production is achieved through the effective acceleration of exhaust gases through proper nozzle design. This paper numerically investigates impact of convergent, divergent length and nozzle pressure ratio on the exit Mach Number of CD nozzle supersonic jet. Exit Mach Number 1.6 convergent-divergent nozzle was used. In total, five cases were taken as the length of the both the convergent-divergent sections were modified with 50% of increment and decrement in its base length. At four different NPR, the analysis was carried out in over-expanded, correctly expanded and under-expanded conditions. The NPR used were 2, 3.2, 4 and 5.

From the results, it is found that the convergent length linearly affects the exit Mach number, while the divergent length variation is not in order. Both the decreased and increased divergent length reduce the supersonic jet exit Mach number. The subsonic region is not majorly affected by the length. There is no rapid change in the flow properties whether the length is reduced or increased. Maximum of 2% to 3% variation is only noticed. On the contrary, a small change in supersonic region or divergent section makes major modification in the flow.

To achieve the desired Mach number, not only the area of the nozzle but also the length affects it. In terms of divergent angle and area ratio, only most of the studies on nozzle have been focused. This study aims to find the impact of convergent length and divergent length on the exit Mach number. This could be used in a wide range of applications, including laser cutting, thermal spraying, gas turbines for power generation, rocket and jet engines, supersonic wind tunnels and turbo chargers in automotive engineering, because of their capacity to accelerate fluids to supersonic speeds.