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Climbing ropes are made to withstand severe stresses and absorb energy during fall, reducing the impact force on the climber and their equipment. Natural fibres like hemp and sisal have been mostly substituted by synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester and aramid fibres, which provide greater strength, durability and flexibility. The performance of climbing ropes can deteriorate due to moisture exposure, UV radiation and abrasion during outdoor activities.

This review examines the transition from natural to synthetic fibres and advances in material and construction techniques. The analysis also examines how construction methods, ranging from traditionally laid ropes to current braided kernmantle designs, affect rope strength, elasticity and handling qualities. Furthermore, the paper analyses how the fibres influence the rope’s behaviour under various conditions, such as dynamic loading, wear and tear, fatigue and exposure to environmental variables such as moisture, temperature and UV light.

Ropes should have lower peak forces and greater dynamic elongations, resulting in decreased maximum accelerations, increased energy absorption, reduced jerk and lower forces on safety components during fall arrest. It gives recommendations for future research areas to optimize climbing rope design.

The systematic literature review in this study is focused on the performance of climbing ropes, including the raw materials and construction, as well as the impact of weathering and service conditions.