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The primary objective of this chapter is to synthesize and organize prevailing theoretical perspectives on metacognition into a framework that can enhance understanding of metacognitive phenomena, with the aim of stimulating future research in the field of organizational behavior and human resources management (OBHRM). The author starts with a review of the history of metacognition research, distinguishing it from related theoretical constructs such as cognition, executive function, and self-regulation. Following this, the author outlines five constituent elements of metacognition – metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, metacognitive monitoring, a dynamic mental model, and metacognitive control – with discussions on their interrelationships and respective functions. Two approaches to metacognition, a process approach and an individual-difference approach, are then presented, summarizing key questions and findings from each. Finally, three broad directions for future research in OBHRM are proposed: examining metacognitive processes, considering mechanisms beyond learning to explain the effects of metacognition, and exploring both domain-specific and general metacognitive knowledge and skills. The implications of these research directions for personnel and human resources management practices are discussed.

Due to dynamic work contexts, mid-level managers struggle to advance their careers in contemporary organisations. Literature has consistently showcased that leadership style and gender significantly impact subordinates’ career and work-related outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between authentic leadership, gender, perceived career barriers and occupational well-being.

Using self-report questionnaires, we collected data from 198 mid-level managers employed in the information technology (IT) sector in Delhi-NCR. We tested two mediation models simultaneously, investigating the mediation of perceived career barriers on occupational well-being. Authentic leadership and gender were the predictors of the first and second models, respectively.

Authentic leadership was positively associated with occupational well-being but negatively with perceived career barriers. Perceived career barriers partially mediated the link between authentic leadership and occupational well-being. Gender had a significant impact on perceived career barriers. Finally, perceived career barriers fully mediated the association between gender and occupational well-being.

The study showed that perceived career barriers were predicted by authentic leadership perception. In the face of career-related obstacles, managers with authentic leaders tend to have better well-being at the workplace. Further, perceived career barriers are essential in the relationship between gender and occupational well-being. However, the context of India’s IT sector is unique; therefore, caution must be practised when generalising.

Organisations must promote authentic leadership at the upper echelons. Such a leadership style helps reduce the hurdles for managers and improves their well-being. Furthermore, addressing gender-specific career barriers, such as lack of cultural fit, is the key to enhancing female managers’ well-being.

We turned towards positive psychology and utilised the construct of authentic leadership to address the issues of career barriers and diversity in IT organisations.

With the increasing global popularity of the gig economy encompassing freelancers, online platform workers, self-employed, on-call workers and other temporary contractual workers, this study aims to review research focusing on the gig economy to explore the nuances of working in various alternative work arrangements. We aim to enhance the understanding of existing literature and highlight underexplored areas for future research.

A systematic literature review of 258 studies based on gig economy and gig work was conducted. It follows systematic search criteria and SPAR-4-SLR protocols. The analysis uses different gig worker profiles given by Watson et al. (2021) to categorize studies, followed by thematic analysis to identify patterns in the literature.

Our analysis of studies on gig economy shows that the majority of existing literature is based on gig service providers. Within this literature subset, major areas of study are work conditions, financial conditions, emergence and role of collectives, the impact of algorithmic management and the impact of rise of the gig economy on entrepreneurship. There is little research focusing on gig goods providers, gig data providers, agency gig workers and traditional gig worker profiles. More focus is also needed on emerging markets and markets transitioning to the gig economy.

Differing from reviews that have attempted to define gig work and workers, we focus on literature on the lived experiences of gig workers. By reviewing studies on different gig worker profiles, we are able to highlight future research directions for pointed sample sets and comparative underexplored areas.

This study aims to investigate the impact of tour guides’ ethical behavior on tourist satisfaction, intention to revisit and to recommend and examine whether gender plays a moderating role in these relationships.

The study was conducted in the Cappadocia Destination in Turkiye. A total of 910 participants were included in the study. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to examine the research model in this study.

The study results indicate that the ethical behavior of tour guides has a significant impact on tourists’ satisfaction with the tour, satisfaction with the tour guide, recommendation intention and revisit intention. Furthermore, the study found that the effect of ethical behavior on these outcomes was more pronounced among male tourists than female tourists.

Despite the tourists’ satisfaction, they may want to remember the experience using mental time travel, and they may fear not having the same positive experience during any revisits. Tour guides should be given continuous training on the concept of professional ethics throughout their education and professional life. The factors causing higher ethical perceptions in male tourists than female tourists may be examined in further studies (i.e. marital status).

The research fills an important gap in the literature by shedding light on the significance of ethical behavior in the context of tour guides, a topic that has received relatively little attention. In particular, the results obtained reveal the originality of the study. Besides that, investigating the moderating role of gender and determining the behavioral intentions of male and female individuals according to the ethical behaviors of tour guides are important for the future of Cappadocia tourism.

本研究旨在（1）调查导游的道德行为对游客满意度、重游意向和推荐意向的影响; （2）研究性别在这些关系中是否起到调节作用。

研究在土耳其卡帕多西亚目的地进行。共有 910 名参与者参与研究。本研究采用 PLS-SEM 方法检验研究模型。

研究结果表明, 导游的道德行为对游客的旅游满意度、对导游的满意度、推荐意向和重游意向有显著影响。此外, 研究还发现, 道德行为对这些结果的影响在男性游客中比在女性游客中更为明显。

尽管游客对心理时空旅行（MTT）感到满意, 但他们可能希望记住曾经的经历, 而且他们可能担心在重游时无法获得同样的积极体验。导游应在整个教育和职业生涯中不断接受有关职业道德观念的培训。在进一步的研究中, 可以探讨导致男性游客道德观念高于女性游客的因素（如婚姻状况）。

这项研究填补了文献中的一个重要空白, 揭示了导游道德行为的重要性, 而这一主题受到的关注相对较少。尤其是所获得的结果揭示了这项研究的原创性。此外, 调查性别的调节作用, 并根据导游的道德行为确定男性和女性的行为意向, 对今后卡帕多西亚旅游业的研究具有重要意义。此外, 本研究还具有创新性的解决建议和实际意义。

Este estudio pretende (1) investigar el impacto del comportamiento ético de los guías turísticos en la satisfacción de los turistas, la intención de volver a visitar y de recomendar y (2) examinar si el género desempeña un papel moderador en estas relaciones.

El estudio se llevó a cabo en el destino Capadocia, en Turquía. Se incluyó en el estudio a un total de 910 participantes. Se utilizó el método PLS-SEM para examinar el modelo de investigación en este estudio.

Los resultados del estudio indican que el comportamiento ético de los guías turísticos tiene un impacto significativo en la satisfacción de los turistas con el viaje, la satisfacción con el guía turístico, la intención de recomendación y la intención de volver a visitar el lugar. Además, el estudio halló que el efecto del comportamiento ético sobre estos resultados era más pronunciado entre los turistas varones que entre las turistas mujeres.

A pesar de la satisfacción de los turistas, es posible que quieran recordar la experiencia que han vivido con el viaje en el tiempo mental (MTT), y que teman no tener la misma experiencia positiva durante cualquier revisita. Los guías turísticos deberían recibir formación continua sobre el concepto de ética profesional a lo largo de su educación y su vida profesional. Los factores que causan percepciones éticas más elevadas en los turistas varones que en las turistas mujeres podrían examinarse en estudios posteriores (por ejemplo, el estado civil).

La investigación llena un vacío importante en la literatura al arrojar luz sobre la importancia del comportamiento ético en el contexto de los guías turísticos, un tema que ha recibido relativamente poca atención. Especialmente los resultados obtenidos revelan la originalidad del estudio. Además, la investigación del papel moderador del género y la determinación de las intenciones de comportamiento de los individuos masculinos y femeninos en función de los comportamientos éticos de los guías turísticos son importantes para los futuros estudios sobre el turismo de Capadocia. Además, el estudio tiene sugerencias de soluciones innovadoras e implicaciones prácticas.

Innovation is widely desired within healthcare organizations, yet the efficacy of programs aimed at fostering it remain largely unassessed, with little consideration given to their effects on employee experience. The Veterans Health Administration (VA) innovators network (iNET) was established to provide organizational support to improve and reimagine patient care and processes across the VA. We evaluated participant perspectives on how iNET impacted workplace experience and fostered innovation.

Semi-structured interviews were conducted using purposive sampling to maximize diversity for program roles and site characteristics, reviewed using a rapid matrixed approach, then analyzed using a hybrid inductive/deductive approach that applied a theoretical framework of innovation supportive domains.

21 project investees, 16 innovation specialists and 13 leadership champions participated from 15 sites nationally. Most participants reported strongly positive impacts including feeling re-energized, appreciating new experiences and expanded opportunities for connecting with others, sense of renewed purpose, better relationships with leadership and personal recognition. Negative experiences included time constraints and logistical challenges. Participants’ experiences mapped frequently onto theorized domains of supporting a curious culture, creating idea pathways and porous boundaries, fostering/supporting catalytic leadership and supporting (role) diverse teams. The program’s delivery of ready resources was critically supportive though at times frustrating.

Participants’ experiences support the conclusion that iNET fosters innovation and positively impacts participating employees. In the post-pandemic context of unprecedented challenges of healthcare worker burnout and stress, effective innovation training programs should be considered as a tool to improve worker experience and retention as well as patient care.

A local healthcare organisation providing healthcare to 288,000 residents in Sweden struggled with a longstanding budget deficit. Several attempts to overcome the demanding financial situation have failed. A decommissioning programme was launched, and two years later, an evaluation indicated positive outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore factors politicians and public servants perceived as enablers to the successful implementation of the programme.

A deductive content analysis approach using a framework of factors facilitating successful implementation of decommissioning decisions was applied to analyse interviews with 18 informants.

Important factors were: (1) a review report contributing to the clarity of evidence, which (2) made the clarity of the rationale for change undeniable and (3) strengthened the political support for change. Additional factors were: (4) the strength of executive leadership, (5) the strength of clinical leadership supported by (6) the quality of project management and (7) a cultural and behavioural change seen as an important outcome for the path forward. A way to maximise the potential for a successful implementation of a large-scale decommissioning programme is to build a shared vision and a collaboration grounded in convincing evidence. Include public servants with a clinical background in the executive leadership team to contribute with legitimacy, competence, and trust in the decommissioning programme’s intention.

The paper addresses the limited knowledge of best practices in decommissioning processes and contributes empirical knowledge from a successful case.

Interventions that improve timely access to outpatient health services are essential in managing demand. This process evaluation aimed to describe the implementation, mechanism of impact and context of an intervention to reduce waiting for first appointments in an outpatient epilepsy clinic.

The UK Medical Research Council framework was used as the theoretical basis for a process evaluation alongside an intervention trial. The intervention, Specific Timely Appointments for Triage (STAT), is a data-driven approach that combines a one-off backlog reduction strategy with methods to balance supply and demand. A mixed methods process evaluation synthesised routinely collected quantitative and qualitative data, which were mapped to the domains of implementation, mechanisms of impact and contextual elements.

The principles of the STAT model were implemented as intended without adaptation. The STAT model reached all patients referred, including long waiters and was likely generalisable to other medical outpatient clinics. Mechanisms of impact were increased clinic capacity and elimination of unwanted variation. Contextual elements included the complexity of healthcare systems and the two-tier triage practice that contributes to prolonged waiting for patients classified as non-urgent.

This process evaluation shows how a data-driven strategy was applied in a medical outpatient setting to manage demand. Improving patient flow by reducing waiting in non-urgent, outpatient care is a complex problem. Understanding how and why interventions work is important for improved timeliness of care, and sustainability of public health services.

The European funded project ADLIFE focuses on the application of digitally enabled integrated care for people with advanced chronic diseases. The implementation of the ADLIFE intervention required a robust practical tool that would be common to all pilot sites while allowing flexibility for local variations as well as the ability to adapt to unanticipated changes and problems.

The ADLIFE project combined the concepts of implementation research and formative evaluation with the standardized operating procedures (SOP) methodology. The ADLIFE project significantly modified the SOP approach and used it as a means to not only to define and organize the tasks that needed to be performed in preparing and implementing the ADLIFE intervention but also to create a deeper understanding of the unique challenges faced in each site, as well as a method for achieving a consensus.

The ADLIFE SOPs were developed by a dedicated working group, and they encompassed the preparatory phase leading up to implementation of the intervention. The SOP was also the basis for monitoring the implementation, and this created a structure for the dynamic ongoing tactical and even strategic changes necessitated by local diversity as well as many unanticipated changes.

The SOP methodology was useful in supporting the development of the ADLIFE SOP, which was a consensus-based approach to guide for managing the implementation process, both at project and local levels. It has supported continuous improvement and learning throughout the project. Both the process and the SOP produced by the process can be readily adapted and used in other similar projects.