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A densely distributed network radar system compensates for the disadvantages of sparse radars and poses a significant threat to low-altitude penetration by an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV). Unlike previous studies, this paper aims to consider radar blind areas and proposes a rapid online method for planning low-altitude penetration paths.

First, the optimization problem coupling digital elevation map (DEM), radar detection probability model and nonholonomic UCAV kinematic model is established. Second, an online solution framework of penetration path planning is constructed. An intervisibility method and map scaling are proposed to generate a detection probability map (DPM). Through completeness and consistency analysis, an adaptive hybrid A* algorithm with fast local replanning strategy is proposed to search a path that takes into account time-consuming, detection probability under nonholonomic constraints. Finally, three scenarios of multiple known, pop-up and vanished static radars are simulated using C++. The computational performance is compared and analyzed.

The results showed that the proposed online method can generate low-detection-probability penetration paths within subseconds.

This paper provides a new online method to plan UCAV penetration trajectory in military and academic contexts.

Food labels are increasingly used to provide information to consumers. As a common design strategy used for food package labels globally, label frame is often used to expand the perceived breadth of a brand and create a broader brand image. We evaluated the effect of the presence or absence of a non-genetically modified organism (non-GMO) label frame on consumers' preferences for non-GMO foods.

This study collected data from 120 MBA students at a university in Sichuan, China, and 126 foreign volunteers in a shopping mall in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. The study investigates the effect of the presence or absence of non-GMO label frame (i.e. label with or without an outline) on non-GMO food preferences through a field survey and two controlled experiments. To empirically analyse the psychological mechanisms by which non-GMO label frames affect consumers' preferences for non-GMO food, we set up the mediating variable of food association of safety.

For ordinary consumers, a framed non-GMO label is more likely to evoke food association of safety and further enhance consumer preference for non-GMO foods. It facilitates consumers' choice of healthier foods. This finding did not otherwise vary across demographic characteristics.

This study is the first to examine the influence of non-GMO label frames on consumers' non-GMO food preferences, which is an innovative research question. The findings of this study are instructive for food manufacturers and policymakers to better design and use non-GMO label frames to attract more consumers to choose non-GMO foods.