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The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence that the occurrence of greenwashing has on the consumer perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR).

This paper observed the market indication that a consistent undermining of authentic commitment to CSR taints consumer perception. Investigating how the motivations behind greenwashing contribute to the presentation of CSR was the first means of examining the market forces. Consumer orientation was used as a guiding principle to consider the short- and long-term perspective of a greenwasher.

Individual instances of greenwashing contribute to a collective deterioration of marketplace trust in the promises of CSR. The negative influence on CSR is not isolated to the greenwashing perpetrator but casts a wider effect. The consequences of greenwashing are not isolated but widely dispersed.

Whilst much of the literature focuses on the stigmatisation of individual firms, it is crucial to note how marketplace trust is eroded. In addition, the perception of CSR-related regulations is for example influenced but rarely recognised as a consequence of greenwashing behaviour.

The operational resilience of financial service providers is strained to an unprecedented extent following the Russian aggression in the Ukraine and the subsequent implementation of targeted economic sanctions. This paper aims to consider how operational resilience supports financial service providers in implementing sanctions.

The demand made of financial service providers by economic sanction is considered through the lens of operational resilience. Practical problems for the providers are aligned with economic sanctions policies.

A well-established system of operational resilience enables financial service providers to meet compliance requirements of economic sanctions with greater ease.

The literature does not credit operational resilience as a systemic capacity of corporations and rather presents it as a specialised feature. In addition, the role of the regulatory bodies is often dismissed despite directly inciting the practical problems faced.

This paper aims to elucidate the practical and theoretical mechanisms which contribute to the perception of an economic sanction’s effectiveness as a foreign policy tool.

This paper is divided into three sections, the first two of which are heavily based on the current academic literature and media presentation of sanctions. The third section is rooted in the empirical approach presented in the first author’s exploratory work, Methods of Money Laundering (2021).

Economic sanctions cannot be perceived as effective when the standard for efficacy remains undefined and sanction circumvention remains feasible. The public perception of sanctions is characterized by a series of assumptions as well as conflict foreign policy objectives, which cultivate an economic theory that is benefited by a practical exploration of the routes of circumvention.

The efficacy of economic sanctions is not a stable equation, but rather the application of an economic tool which is dependent on its context. Paths of sanction circumvention remain open due to weaknesses in compliance regulation. These paths continue to undermine the credibility of sanctions and, ultimately, their efficacy.

Terrorism had a profound impact on the global economy, society and security. Malaysia encountered a comparable scenario in the Movida attack. The availability of funds is a crucial determinant for successful terrorist activities. Hence, a guideline was introduced to deal with terrorism financing. As reporting institutions, the compliance officers are the gatekeepers to report any suspicious transaction related to money laundering and terrorism financing. However, lack of study has looked into the role of the compliance officer in reporting potential terrorism financing activities. Hence, this study aims to examine the factors that influence terrorism financing reporting, focusing on terrorism financing policy, terrorism financing red flags and the integrity of the officers.

A total of 120 responses were collected among the compliance officers and 91 responses were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.

Findings show that only terrorism financing policy and terrorism financing red flags influence suspicious transaction reporting among the compliance officers. Hence, there is a need to focus on officer’s competency, by enhancing the training module, especially on the latest terrorism financing trends and red flags.

This will help the compliance officers to be more competent in fulfilling their role as the reporting entity because their roles are vital in preventing terrorism financing.

This study focuses on terrorism financing risk assessment, which is different from prior literature that focuses on money laundering risk assessment. Owing to lack of prior studies, the questionnaire developed in the study was made based on guidelines provided by the authority and regulator.