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We investigate how information about the refusal and acceptance of offered resources affects the distribution of benefits to self and others in reciprocal exchanges. We distinguish contexts that allow individuals to know whether offered benefits were accepted or refused from contexts that do not. In the process, we also examine how the perceived probability of possible refusal and the actual experience of refusal affect the distribution of benefits.

We conducted a controlled laboratory experiment.

Results show people give more when the context allows them to discern whether offers were accepted or refused, but having information about the structure of the network, which may increase the perceived probability of overt rejection, erases this effect. Results also show that in contrast to contexts that inform individuals about the acceptance or refusal of offers, the actual experience of being refused depresses giving.

This study examines giving behaviors in one specific network arrangement, leaving unanswered whether the findings reported here hold for larger, more complex networks. Future work should also examine how gender may affect giving behaviors in these contexts, with a particular focus on how it might affect responses to experiencing refusal.

Refusal in reciprocity has been undertheorized and methodologically excluded from exchange studies. We acknowledge that offering a resource does not mean one will accept it and investigate how uncertainty about whether an offered resource will be accepted or refused affects how people distribute resources. We also consider and experimentally test how the perceived probability and the actual experience of being overtly refused affect the distribution of resources.

Severe inequality from climate change exists between the Global North and Global South. The North significantly contributes to climate change yet retreats to protect itself against its harmful impacts. Conversely, members of the Global South bear the brunt of the climate crisis with limited protection against its destructive effects. Climate justice aims to address this inequality. This paper explores the effects of climate change reforms and policies that have been established to foster accountability and climate justice.

This research follows a qualitative exploratory case study method. It draws on a supply- and demand-led approach and local accounts to analyse the (in)effectiveness with which six national and international reforms and policies have achieved accountability for climate justice. The research analysed a variety of empirical documents including contemporary research, reports, academic literature, non-government and government documents and policies, media releases and Pacific Islander accounts.

Climate change reforms and policies, which come together to form supply-side accountability, have largely failed to engender accountability in the Global North for the impacts of climate change. Nor have they mitigated climate change to any tangible extent at all. This has created a system of modern-day climate apartheid. Improving accountability and remediating climate injustices going forward will require a focus on demand-led instruments and accountability, which includes the voice of citizens.

This paper responds to AAAJ’s special issue call for examining accounting and accountability with regard to environmental and climate racism. Limited research to date explores the issue of climate apartheid and climate justice and its relationship with accountability. This research attempts to fill that gap.

To date, few studies have incorporated female entrepreneurship into the context of a country that relies heavily on natural resources and still has a wide gender gap due to historically established cultural norms. This study aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial ecosystem factors on women’s ability and desire to become entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia.

The study applied a quantitative method using secondary data from the Adult Population Survey conducted by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and built upon the recently proposed “Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Approach,” which has three levels: institutional, organisational and individual.

The findings demonstrate the significant roles that different entrepreneurial ecosystem dimensions can play in determining female entrepreneurial activity. Relationships were found among the variables of the three dimensions, indicating that broader institutional conditions can impact women becoming entrepreneurs.

A multi-year analysis could not be performed because the country data from one year limited the research to conditions in that time frame.

The findings advance entrepreneurial research by empirically examining the influencers' factors on women becoming entrepreneurs in a fast-growing emerging economy, collectivist society and non-European and non-North American institutional environment. The research tested a framework that gives more insight into the diverse factors affecting women in entrepreneurship at different levels.

The academic background of tourism marketing dates back to the 1960s. There had been a slight increase in its capacity until the early 1990s. However, since then, it has boomed, reaching thousands of scientific journal articles and tens of scientific books published only in English each year. Therefore, this study aims to present how tourism marketing has progressed academically within the past 60 years over four waves and how this progress may move forward as the next wave.

A bibliometric analysis grounds this study, which characterizes the past and present of tourism marketing research and anticipates the future. Content analysis, such as word clouds and social network analysis, was adopted to identify topic clusters and their connections. A total of 9,239 articles published between 1969 and 2024 were extracted from Scopus. Software packages such as VOSviewer were used to determine connections within topics.

The authors have assessed the findings broadly. Four waves were from the late 1960s to the first quarter of 2000. In spite of the limited size of papers at the early stage, the last wave saw a boom and a diversified number and category of subjects studied. In each wave, new subjects were added to broaden the picture.

The discussion of findings is based only on those scientific papers published in English since 1969 but excludes the whole list of textbooks. Subsequent research should also consider all papers and textbooks released in different languages to have the broadest picture assessment worldwide.

The study conveys various suggestions for industry practitioners and policymakers to focus on carefully assessing trends in marketing tourism services and how these may be shaped shortly. This may help practitioners and policymakers redesign their services and marketing strategies in light of future developments.

This study continues a recent study published by Kozak (2023) that has been elaborated, particularly from the industry perspective. The current study examines the academic profile of all subjects investigated in the case of tourism marketing, but mainly in an academic sense. Accordingly, this paper outlines the facts and trends researchers may follow throughout the research frame published in the past six decades.

旅游营销的学术背景可以追溯到20世纪60年代。在20世纪90年代初之前, 旅游营销的研究能力有所提升, 但增幅有限。然而, 自那时起, 旅游营销领域迅速发展, 每年仅用英文发表的期刊文章已达到数千篇, 出版的书籍也达到了数十本。因此, 本研究旨在展示过去60年内旅游营销研究在学术上的发展历程, 分为四个浪潮, 并探讨未来可能出现的下一个发展浪潮。

本研究以文献计量分析为基础, 描述了旅游营销研究的过去和现在, 并预测了未来的发展。采用内容分析方法, 如词云和社交网络分析, 确定了主题集群及其相互联系。从Scopus数据库中提取了1969年至2024年间发表的9,239篇文章, 并使用VOSviewer等软件包确定了主题之间的联系。

我们对研究结果进行了广泛的评估。从20世纪60年代末到2000年的第一季度, 共出现了四个浪潮。尽管早期阶段的论文数量有限, 但在最后一个浪潮中, 研究主题的数量和类别均呈现出爆炸式增长。在每个浪潮中, 均有新的研究主题被引入, 使得研究广度得以拓宽。

本研究的讨论结果仅基于自1969年以来用英文发表的科学论文, 不包括书籍。后续研究应考虑不同语言发布的所有论文和书籍, 以获得全球范围内最广泛的评估图景。

对行业从业者和政策制定者的建议集中在审慎评估旅游服务营销趋势及其未来可能的变化上。这可能有助于从业者和政策制定者在未来发展背景下重新设计其服务和营销策略。

本研究延续了Kozak（2023）最近发表的以行业视角为主的研究, 从学术角度全面考察了旅游营销领域内所有被研究主题的学术轮廓。具体而言, 本论文概述了过去六十年间已发表研究框架中的事实和趋势, 为研究人员提供可遵循的指导。

Los antecedentes académicos del marketing turístico se remontan a la década de 1960. Hasta principios de la década de 1990 se produjo un ligero aumento de su capacidad. Sin embargo, desde entonces ha experimentado un gran auge, alcanzando miles de artículos de revistas y decenas de libros publicados solo en inglés cada año. Por lo tanto, este estudio pretende presentar cómo ha progresado académicamente el marketing turístico en los últimos 60 años, a lo largo de cuatro oleadas, y cómo este progreso puede avanzar como la siguiente oleada en el futuro.

Un análisis bibliométrico fundamenta este estudio, en el que se caracteriza el pasado y el presente de la investigación en marketing turístico y se anticipa el futuro. Para identificar los grupos temáticos y sus conexiones se adoptaron análisis de contenido, como nubes de palabras y análisis de redes sociales. De Scopus se extrajeron nueve mil doscientos treinta y nueve artículos publicados entre 1969 y 2024. Se utilizaron paquetes de software, como VOSviewer, para determinar las conexiones dentro de los temas.

Hemos evaluado los resultados a grandes rasgos. Hubo cuatro oleadas, desde finales de los años sesenta hasta el primer trimestre de 2000. A pesar del limitado número de trabajos de las primeras oleadas, en la última se produjo un auge y una diversificación del número y la categoría de los temas estudiados. En cada oleada se añadieron nuevos temas para ampliar el panorama.

El análisis de los resultados se basa únicamente en los artículos científicos publicados en inglés desde 1969, pero excluye toda la lista de libros de texto. En futuras investigaciones deberían incluirse todos los artículos y libros de texto publicados en otros idiomas para ofrecer un panorama lo más amplio posible a nivel mundial.

Las recomendaciones para los profesionales del sector y los responsables políticos se centran en evaluar con detenimiento las tendencias en la comercialización de los servicios turísticos y en cómo pueden evolucionar en un futuro próximo. Esto puede ayudar a los profesionales y a los responsables políticos a rediseñar sus servicios y estrategias de marketing teniendo en cuenta la evolución futura.

Este estudio se basa en uno anterior, publicado recientemente por Kozak (2023), que se desarrolló específicamente desde la perspectiva de la industria. El presente estudio examina el perfil académico de todos los sujetos estudiados en el caso del marketing turístico, pero principalmente desde una perspectiva académica. En consecuencia, en este trabajo se esbozan los hechos y tendencias que los investigadores pueden seguir a lo largo del marco de investigación publicado en las últimas seis décadas.

This study examined differences related to gender and racial/ethnic identity among academic researchers participating in the National Science Foundation’s “Innovation-Corps” (NSF I-Corps) entrepreneurship training program. Drawing from prior research in the fields of technology entrepreneurship and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education, this study addresses the goal of broadening participation in academic entrepreneurship.

Using ANOVA and MANOVA analyses, we tested for differences by gender and minoritized racial/ethnic identity for four variables considered pertinent to successful program outcomes: (1) prior entrepreneurial experience, (2) perceptions of instructional climate, (3) quality of project team interactions and (4) future entrepreneurial intention. The sample includes faculty (n = 434) and graduate students (n = 406) who completed pre- and post-course surveys related to a seven-week nationwide training program.

The findings show that group differences based on minoritized racial/ethnic identity compared with majority group identity were largely not evident. Previous research findings were replicated for only one variable, indicating that women report lower amounts of total prior entrepreneurial experience than men, but no gender differences were found for other study variables.

Our analyses respond to repeated calls for research in the fields of entrepreneurship and STEM education to simultaneously examine intersecting minoritized and/or under-represented social identities to inform recruitment and retention efforts. The unique and large I-Corps national dataset offered the statistical power to quantitatively test for differences between identity groups. We discuss the implications of the inconsistencies in our analyses with prior findings, such as the need to consider selection bias.

This paper aims to consider whether developing countries can create viable and sustainable tourism sectors.

To provide a focus and context to answer the question, the introduction to the subject reviews some of the earlier publication relating to tourism in the developing countries beginning from 1950 and notes how many of these publications foresaw the benefits of using tourism as a supportive activity for general development but also indicated many of the challenges and disadvantages the countries faced in so doing.

Looking to 2050, the paper makes two assumptions. First, the demand for international tourism will continue. Second, any future disruption of demand caused by wars, terrorism, epidemics or economic difficulties will be short-term and not as universally disruptive to international travel demand as was caused by Covid-19. The paper concludes that developing countries can create viable tourism sectors but that sustainability is unlikely in the absence of careful and sensitive management of the tourism sector.

Tourism development options must be evaluated within the potential and capacities of the individual country. There is no single development model. An important initiative is to help identify and develop local talent for the tourism sector, particularly related to planning, policy and implementation requirements. Government and the private sector should be encouraged to cooperate in development initiatives.

This paper provides an “insider view” of the realities of pursuing sustainable tourism development options and the related challenges and opportunities and emphasises the role of government in this process.

本文的目的是考虑发展中国家是否能够创造可行和可持续的旅游业。

为了提供一个焦点和背景来回答这个问题, 本文的引言回顾了从1950年开始的一些关于发展中国家旅游业的早期文献, 并指出其中有多少文献预见到了旅游业作为支持总体发展活动的优势, 但也指出了各国在这样做时面临的许多挑战和劣势。

展望2050 年, 本文做出了两个假设。首先, 对国际旅游业的需求将继续, 其次, 战争、恐怖主义、流行病和经济困难对未来需求的任何破坏都将是短期的, 不会像新冠肺炎对国际旅游需求造成的普遍破坏。文章的结论是, 发展中国家可以创建可行的旅游部门, 但如果不对旅游部门进行谨慎和敏感的管理, 可持续性就不太可能实现。

本文对追求可持续旅游发展选择的现实以及相关的挑战和机遇提供了“内部视角”, 并强调了政府在这一过程中的作用。

旅游业发展方案必须在单个国家的潜力和能力范围内进行评估。没有单一的发展模式。一项重要举措是帮助确定和培养旅游业的当地人才, 特别是与规划、政策和实施要求相关的人才。应鼓励政府和私营部门在发展倡议方面进行合作。

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar si los países en desarrollo pueden crear sectores turísticos que sean viables y sostenibles.

Con el fin de aportar un enfoque y contextualización para responder la cuestión, en la introducción al tema se examinan publicaciones previas sobre el turismo en los países en desarrollo a partir de 1950 y se apunta cómo gran parte de estas publicaciones preveían los beneficios de utilizar el turismo como actividad de apoyo para el desarrollo general, pero también indicaban retos y desventajas a los que se enfrentaban los países.

De cara a 2050, el artículo parte de dos supuestos. En primer lugar, la demanda de turismo internacional continuará. En segundo lugar, cualquier futura interrupción de la demanda causada por guerras, terrorismo, epidemias o dificultades económicas será de corta duración y no afectará de forma tan generalizada a la demanda de viajes internacionales como lo hizo el Covid-19. El artículo concluye que los países en desarrollo pueden crear sectores turísticos viables, pero que la sostenibilidad es improbable si no se lleva a cabo una gestión cuidadosa y responsable del sector turístico.

Este artículo ofrece una «visión interna» de las distintas opciones de desarrollo del turismo sostenible, así como de los retos y oportunidades que conlleva, y hace hincapié en el papel gubernamental en este proceso.

Las opciones de desarrollo turístico deben evaluarse dentro del potencial y las capacidades de cada país. No existe un único modelo de desarrollo. Una iniciativa importante es contribuir a identificar y desarrollar el talento local para el sector turístico, especialmente en lo referente a los requisitos de planificación, política y ejecución. Se debería instar al gobierno y al sector privado a cooperar en las iniciativas de desarrollo.