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This study aims to analyze the two-dimensional ferrofluid flow in porous media. The effects of changes in parameters such as permeability parameter, buoyancy parameter, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, radiation parameter, velocity slip parameter, energy dissipation parameter and viscosity parameter on the velocity and temperature profile are displayed numerically and graphically.

By using simplification, nonlinear differential equations are converted into ordinary nonlinear equations. Modeling is done in the Cartesian coordinate system. The finite element method (FEM) and the Akbari-Ganji method (AGM) are used to solve the present problem. The finite element model determines each parameter’s effect on the fluid’s velocity and temperature.

The results show that if the viscosity parameter increases, the temperature of the fluid increases, but the velocity of the fluid decreases. As can be seen in the figures, by increasing the permeability parameter, a reduction in velocity and an enhancement in fluid temperature are observed. When the Reynolds number increases, an increase in fluid velocity and temperature is observed. If the speed slip parameter increases, the speed decreases, and as the energy dissipation parameter increases, the temperature also increases.

When considering factors like thermal conductivity and variable viscosity in this context, they can significantly impact velocity slippage conditions. The primary objective of the present study is to assess the influence of thermal conductivity parameters and variable viscosity within a porous medium on ferrofluid behavior. This particular flow configuration is chosen due to the essential role of ferrofluids and their extensive use in engineering, industry and medicine.

High surface area-to-volume ratios make nanoparticles ideal for cancer heat therapy and targeted medication delivery. Moreover, ternary nanofluids (TNFs) may possess superior thermophysical properties compared to mono- and hybrid nanofluids due to their synergistic effects. In light of this information, the objective of this article is to examine the blood-based TNF flow within convergent/divergent channels under velocity slip and temperature jump.

Leading partial differential equations corresponding to the problem are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity variables. The bvp4c code that uses the finite difference method is used to obtain a numerical solution.

The effect of nanoparticles may change depending on the characteristics of flow near the wall. The properties and proportions of the used nanoparticles become important to control the flow. When TNF was used, an increase in the Nusselt number between 4.75% and 6.10% was observed at low Reynolds numbers. At high Reynolds numbers, nanoparticles reduce the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient values under some special flow conditions. Importantly, the effects of second-order slip on engineering parameters were also investigated. Furthermore, the Nusselt number increases with increasing shape factor.

Obtained results of the study can be beneficial in both nature and engineering, especially blood flow in veins.

The main innovations of this study are the usage of blood-based TNF and the examination of the effect of shape factor in convergent/divergent channels with second-order velocity slip.

The purpose of this study is to examine and validate the psychometric properties of the Green Innovative Work Behaviour (G-IWB) measure, aiming to enhance its conceptualisation and reliable assessment in the context of increasing environmental awareness.

Data for this research were collected using a survey method across three distinct samples and analysed to evaluate the multidimensionality, validity and reliability of the G-IWB scale.

The thorough assessment of the G-IWB scale provided critical insights into its psychometric robustness. Results confirmed the reliability and validity of the G-IWB scale, featuring a correlated five-factor model and higher-order structure, encapsulating 23 items that comprehensively reflect the dimensions of G-IWB.

The findings of this study offer substantial practical value for hospitality organisations, providing a reliable tool for measuring, assessing and fostering G-IWB. This research contributes to the expanding literature on green innovation by focusing on individual behaviours and enriching theoretical models with data-driven insights for advancing sustainable practices within the hospitality sector.

This research makes a significant contribution by introducing a multidimensional psychometric tool for evaluating G-IWB. It addresses the scholarly tendency to focus on unidimensional G-IWB measurements, thereby advancing a nuanced understanding that broadens the scope of G-IWB.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the board of directors on financial performance, either directly or indirectly through the existence of risk management after the issuance of the Palestinian Code on Corporate Governance (PCCG) in Palestine.

This study presents an empirical investigation of 31 nonfinancial Palestinian-listed companies from 2010 to 2016. This study utilizes the structural equation modeling (SEM) model.

The results of the SEM model find that there is a significant positive effect of the existence of risk management and the tenure-Chief Executive Officer (CEO) on financial performance. However, CEO duality has a significant negative effect on financial performance. The results also find that the effect of CEO duality and board size are significantly positive on financial performance through the existence of risk management.

This study adds to the existing literature by investigating the effect of the board of directors on financial performance, either directly or indirectly through the existence of risk management in Palestine as one of the youngest stock exchanges in the region that assists in testing the validity of agency theory in a young and small emerging Islamic market context.

The results of this paper are significant to shareholders and managers of companies to make proper choices in order to secure the interests of stakeholders and increase the flow of capital and foreign investment.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is one of the first papers to investigate the effect of the board of directors and financial performance, either directly or indirectly through the existence of risk management in Palestine.