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To analyze the changes in craniofacial morphology during speaking and wearing masks using three-dimensional head data and to develop a design method for ergonomic face shields.

Around six types of face postures for three-dimensional measurement were selected; a total of 180 head data of 40 men in their 20s and 30s were used. About 17 landmarks and 23 body dimensions were measured for analysis.

Among the 23 anthropometric dimensions, eight in posture “a,” two in posture “i,” seven in posture “u,” ten in KF94 and ten in N95 were found to change significantly. Previous studies and public health recommendations selected three key dimensions for face shield design. A face shield design method using selected dimensions as parameters was developed.

To improve public health and enhance social interaction during pandemics or in environments requiring facial protection. This can lead to increased compliance with public health guidelines and reduce discomfort and communication barriers caused by ill-fitting face shields.

By developing an ergonomic face shield design that accommodates variations in craniofacial morphology during speaking and mask, the study addresses the need for more comfortable and effective protective equipment. The face shield designed using the methodology developed in this study was verified on a digital head model to demonstrate a good fit.

This study proposes a novel approach to gauge the effects of COVID-19 on a large number of airline companies worldwide based on the employment of fifteen metrics at the cash flow, balance sheet, income statement and sustainability levels.

The study makes use of Chernoff faces where each facial feature, such as eyes or mouth, corresponds to a variable, with variations in their characteristics being captured in data values. Through this approach, complex data sets can be intuitively interpreted.

Robust quantitative evidence, derived from a comprehensive analysis of financial metrics, clearly demonstrates that US and Chinese airlines dominate the global airline industry. Findings also show that most airlines faced significant financial setbacks during the pandemic, as reflected in the marked decline in total operating expenses, passenger load factor, cash flow from operations, free cash flow and operating income. However, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. was an exception, maintaining resilience, largely due to its high-performing subsidiary, Air Hong Kong. Moreover, state-owned carriers fared better in maintaining liquidity and operational performance compared to their private counterparts.

This study introduces an innovative technique for assessing the impact of COVID-19 on airline companies globally, using Chernoff faces to visually represent key quantitative metrics. Sustainability metrics in the form of EQS and CO2 emissions have also been given due consideration.

Over a long period, even low inflation has an impact on portfolio value and households’ purchasing power. In such a context, inflation hedging should remain an important issue for investors. In particular, long-term investors, who are concerned with the protection of their wealth, seek to hold effective hedging assets. This study aims to demonstrate that residential assets in “Grand Paris” are a hedge against inflation and particularly against its unexpected component.

In this study, the physical residential markets in 127 communes in Paris and the Parisian first-ring suburbs are considered as potential asset classes. We simplified the analysis by clustering the 127 communes into five homogenous groups using ascending hierarchical classification (AHC). Then, we test the hedging ability of these groups within a mixed asset portfolios using both correlation and regression analysis.

This paper presents an analysis of the “Grand Paris” housing market and its inflation hedging ability with comparison to other financial asset classes. Results show that the five housing groups act as a highly positive hedge against unexpected inflation. Furthermore, cash and bonds seem to provide, respectively, a partial and an over hedge against unexpected inflation. Stocks act as a perverse hedge against unexpected inflation and provide no significant hedge against expected inflation. Also, indirect listed real estate demonstrates little correlation with inflation, which makes us reject its hedging ability contrary to physical residential real estate.

The inflation topic: although several researches exist that question the hedging property of real estate, very few concentrate on physical residential assets and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the only one that targets the “Grand Paris” area. Residential assets of the “Grand Paris” communes are confirmed to be a hedge against inflation and particularly against its unexpected component thanks to its capital appreciation rather than income one. Also, we show that the listed real estate in France (Sociétés d’Investissement Immobilier Cotée) does not provide the same hedging properties contrary to the US real estate investment trusts (REITs) who demonstrate this ability. Listed real estate could thus not be used interchangeably with housing to protect from inflation in the French market.

Protection of investors against inflation and in particular in the face of its return to France in 2022. Reassuring promoters and investors of the interest of residential investment projects in “Greater Paris” and of the potential that this holds.

Inflation takes a chunk out of the purchasing power of money and thereby erodes the real value of people’s finance. Investors and households who seek protection from inflation erosion should invest in direct housing, and in particular within areas that are experiencing an effective metropolization process.

The originality of the study is precisely relative to the geographical area studied. The latter has experienced favorable economic conditions for several years and offers interesting fundamentals to explore and exploit in investment strategies that prove capable of protecting against imminent inflation. The database is specific to this project and has been built through the compilation of several sources and with the support of BNP Paribas Real Estate.