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We examine yield spreads, defined as the difference between the yield to maturity of the risky bank bond and that of a risk-free bond with similar maturity and other characteristics, after controlling for market, liquidity and tax factors. We use senior bonds issued by banks since one of the goals of the Dodd–Frank Act (DFA) is to reduce the possibility of a full-fledged bailout of banks. If markets do not believe that banks will be bailed out, senior bondholders will bear a higher exposure to default risks, and such risk perceptions will be reflected in the yield spread levels.

We use generalized method of moments (GMM) for parameter estimation with standard errors corrected for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity using the Newey–West (1987) procedure with five lags.

Our results indicate a discount of 133 basis points in yield spreads due to the TBTF or too-big-to-fail factor prior to the DFA. However, the market charges a net premium of 36 basis points for the TBTF factor immediately after the DFA (a total change of 169 basis points). We examine commercial banks and noncommercial banks (primarily investment banks and insurance firms) separately. For commercial banks, the discounts observed prior to the DFA changes to a premium after the DFA. For investment banks, the higher premium charged prior to the DFA is reduced after the DFA.

Not all banks issue bonds and not all issued bonds trade in the secondary market frequently.

After the Great Recession, there is a sustained effort across the globe, to remove the possibility of a bailout of very large banks. With systemic risk monitoring, improved capital regulation, stress testing and other regulations on banks and other shadow banking organizations, the question of whether market perceives implicit guarantee of very large financial institutions. We have examined a new security that is not treated as capital.

If taxpayer bailouts are avoided, such resources can be used for other developmental purposes. The moral hazard problems of bank manager are also reduced.

We are the first to exclusively examine the senior bonds issued by banks around the enactment of the DFA, 2010.

Nurse leaders are challenged by ethical issues in today’s complex health-care settings. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze key elements of moral distress identified by nurse leaders from health-care systems in the USA, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The aim was to develop an understanding of distressing ethical issues nurse leaders face in the USA and three German-speaking European countries.

This descriptive cross-sectional study surveyed a convenience sample of nurse leaders in the USA, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The voluntary, anonymous survey also included qualitative questions and was distributed using the Qualtrics® platform. A thematic analysis of the qualitative data in each country was carried out and a comparative analysis identified similarities and differences between the groups of nurse leaders comparing the US data to that from three German-speaking European countries.

The survey was completed by 316 nurse leaders: Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (n = 225) and the USA (n = 91). Similar themes identified as causing all nurse leaders moral distress included a lack of individual and organizational integrity, hierarchical and interprofessional issues, lack of nursing professionalism, patient care/patient safety concerns, finances negatively impacting care and issues around social justice. Within these six themes, there were also differences between the USA and the three German-speaking European countries.

Understanding the experiences associated with distressing ethical situations can allow nurse leaders and organizations to focus on solutions and develop resilience to reduce moral distress in the USA and three German-speaking European countries.

Prior research on the situated model of mediation has suggested that mediators’ abilities to be more flexible and adaptive in responding to potential derailers in mediation situations lead to better outcomes. The purpose if this paper is to build on this theory and research by developing a new scale of mediator behavioral adaptivity and investigating the hypothesized effects of mediator adaptivity on their sense of efficacy, empowerment and satisfaction when mediating.

The paper presents findings from two survey studies with currently active, experienced mediators.

The findings offer a new scale for the study of effective mediation – the mediator behavioral adaptivity scale – and offer support for the hypothesis that mediators reporting an ability to use more diverse behavioral tactics and strategies (both standard and specialized strategies) report higher levels of satisfaction with mediation outcomes as well as more self-efficacy and empowerment during mediations.

These studies are both self-report and correlational and so should be supplemented by subsequent research using experimental methods and more objective measures of mediation outcomes.

The program of research extended in this paper offers a new integrative model of adaptive mediation, which aims to provide evidence-based guidelines for using different types of mediation strategies in categorically different conflict situations. The model can ultimately help the field transcend discussions of preferred or best mediation styles and focus instead on how distinct strategies offer different degrees of fit for different types of mediation challenges.

The purpose of this study is to provide a harmonisation framework for the diverse accounting practices by extractive industries.

The study takes a three-stage approach. The first involves a comprehensive literature review of the historical evolution of accounting regulations by extractive industries. The second involves constructing an accounting practice index for extractive industries. The third involves constructing a harmonisation framework.

The accounting practice index provides empirical evidence of the wide diversity of accounting practices by extractive industries. Analysis of the literature review addresses the several attempts by accounting and regulatory bodies to standardise the diverse practices of accounting by extractive industries and reasons for the lack of successful standardisations. The authors extract lessons from these previous attempts and propose a harmonisation framework.

The proposed harmonisation framework can be used to align together the diverse accounting practices by extractive industries and enhance comparability and consistency of accounting figures and statements produced by these industries. Harmonising the diverse accounting practices is crucial for investment decision-making.

The harmonisation framework is the first of its kind that could enhance the comparability of accounts of extractive industries’ firms and be used to harmonise diverse accounting practices by other industries.