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The study aims to estimate Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) and green efficiency in Jordan.

This study used the Super-SBM model.

The study found significant progress in green factor productivity from 2014 to 2022, more significant than the total ordinary productivity. Also, environmental efficiency rebounded to reach its peak in the period from 2020 to 2022, where the efficiency value reached one, which can be attributed to the government's adoption of many policies focusing on using green energy methods in production processes, especially in the use of solar energy and waste recycling, and the use of energy-saving machines, particularly encouraging the use of electric cars.

The primary contribution of this study can be summarized in evaluating the results of growth calculation with the results of the Super-SBM model to calculate green efficiency by identifying appropriate and undesirable outputs. This provides a new perspective in studying GTFP and fills the gap in the theoretical understanding of green development strategy.

The purpose of this paper is to rank critical risks and determine major categories of risks to be considered by public–private partnerships (PPPs) investors when investing in “smart” transportation infrastructure. Such investment is sorely needed in many mega cities around the world currently suffering from serious impacts of traffic congestion, pollution and lack of usability of transport systems.

The study used literature review focused upon smart transportation infrastructure projects financed by PPP arrangements to create a questionnaire which was refined by subject matter experts and then completed by 126 experienced respondents. Exploratory factor analysis was used to create major categories emerging from the collected data. Interviews with ten experts were used to validate the findings.

The most highly major ranked risks shared by these participants were lack of expertise in complex project implementation, political interference, lack of PPP project data and lack of a collaboration mechanism between government and private sectors. Factor analysis showed that in terms of risk likelihood, stakeholder engagement, implementation process issues, the natural environment, data-sharing and technology complexity emerged. In terms of risk impact, major factors were stakeholder engagement, trust versus resistance issues, the natural environment and factors concerning uncertainty.

This paper addresses a somewhat unexplored area, the risks involved in investing in PPP smart transportation infrastructure. Such infrastructure projects are embedded in their environments, and approaches using a complexity lens can emerge overriding risk concerns for investors when undertaking such projects.