Search results

The increasing conviction rates of stalking in the UK have prompted efforts to identify factors that may influence individuals to engage in such behaviour. Over two million people in England and Wales experience stalking every year, with estimated reoffending rates for stalking being between 25 and 55% (ONS, 2022; McEwan et al., 2017). Research has identified risk factors that may contribute towards stalking behaviours, which has included obsessive relational pursuit and online impulsivity (Post et al., 2014a; Rocheleau, 2019). This has resulted in researchers postulating a link between facets of neurodiversity and stalking behaviour (Freckelton, 2013). The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence base for any link between neurodiversity and stalking.

The Systematic Review was performed according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Papers were screened for quality appraisal and risk of bias. The initial search yielded 3,880 articles. A total of 10 papers were deemed as meeting the inclusion criteria.

There is insufficient research quality regarding neurodiversity and stalking perpetration due to poor diagnostic reliability of neurodiversity and a lack of reliable tools being used in the research which do not meet the definitions of stalking. As such, the existing research about neurodiversity and stalking perpetration is inconclusive and predominantly unreliable. Tentative evidence indicated that people with neurodiversity were at greater risk of being victims of stalking and that for the minority of people with neurodiversity who engage in stalking the factors that contribute towards this mirror those of neurotypical individuals.

Overall, the factors contributing to stalking highlighted by the included studies, such as difficulties with communication, empathy, insight into social functioning, interpersonal competence and ways of forming relationships with others, seem to map onto the deficits of neurotypical stalking perpetrators (Canter and Youngs, 2012; Lewis et al., 2001; Mullen et al., 2006). However, tools that contextualise neurodiversity in the context of risk assessments for stalking may be helpful (Al-Attar, 2019, 2021).

Recommendations for further research are made to gain a robust understanding of any potential relationship between neurodiversity and stalking and in particular a risk of stalking victimisation.

This paper aims to understand how cultural and creative industries (CCIs) contribute to regional innovation.

This paper explores the process of CCIs contributing to regional innovation and assesses the accumulated outcome of this process.

The authors conclude that CCIs contribute to a city’s innovation involving five dimensions (time, space, tangible, intangible and division) and four phases (people, tool, collaboration and brokerage) and the contributions are accumulated into positive innovation outcome; however, a highly developed economy is relatively unsupportive of CCIs contributing to regional innovation.

The main contributions are that the authors configured the detailed process of CCIs contributing to regional innovation and the authors quantitatively measured the impact of CCIs on regional innovation, using the Porter diamond model and Shannon entropy to construct the CCI index.