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Digital systems utilize frequencies into the GHz range Attempts to reduce the propagation delay by lowering the interconnect capacitance (decreasing cross‐sectional dimensions) cause an increase in wire resistance which, in turn, increases the rise time and indirectly slows down the response Therefore, it is impossible to optimize VLSI and packaging interconnections to maximize the clock rate without analyzing losses (solving Helmholtz equation) and implementing lossy transmission line models This paper presents modeling and simulation of a gate array interconnect.

This study provides a comprehensive framework of adaptation in triadic business relationship settings in the service sector. The framework is based on the industrial network approach (see, e.g., Axelsson & Easton, 1992; Håkansson & Snehota, 1995a). The study describes how adaptations initiate, how they progress, and what the outcomes of these adaptations are. Furthermore, the framework takes into account how adaptations spread in triadic relationship settings. The empirical context is corporate travel management, which is a chain of activities where an industrial enterprise, and its preferred travel agency and service supplier partners combine their resources. The scientific philosophy, on which the knowledge creation is based, is realist ontology. Epistemologically, the study relies on constructionist processes and interpretation. Case studies with in-depth interviews are the main source of data.

This paper presents a hybrid finite element — boundary element method for the steady state thermal analysis of energy installations. The coupling of the two techniques is presented: finite elements are used in a bounded region containing thermal sources while the complementary domain is treated with boundary elements. With such a combination the number of unknowns is reduced and an accurate prediction of temperature is obtained. As an example, the temperature rise is computed for the case of three power cables laid in a thermal backfill: the finite element method (FEM) is used for the cables and the backfill while the homogeneous soil is taken into account with the boundary element method (BEM).

Focusing on the apparel industry, this study extends current knowledge on how additive manufacturing (AM) may impact global supply chains regarding structures of interorganizational governance and the industry's social-sustainability issues.

Following an exploratory research design, two consecutive Delphi studies, with three survey rounds each, were conducted to carve out future industry scenarios and assess AM's impact on supply chain governance and social sustainability.

The implementation of AM is posited to reinforce existing supply chain governance structures that are dominated by powerful apparel retailers. Retailers are expected to use the increased production speed and heightened market competition to enforce faster fashion cycles and lower purchasing prices, providing a grim outlook for future working conditions at the production stage.

Against the common narrative that technological progress increases societal well-being, this study finds that new digital technologies may, in fact, amplify rather than improve existing social-sustainability issues in contemporary production systems.

This article contributes to the nascent research field of AM's supply chain impact as one of the first empirical studies to analyze how AM introduction may impact on interorganizational governance while specifically addressing potential social-sustainability implications. The developed propositions relate to and extend the resource dependence and stakeholder perspectives on governance and social sustainability in supply chains. For managers, our results enrich the discussion about the potential use of AM beyond operational viability to include considerations on the wider implications for supply chains and the prevailing working conditions within them.