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The purpose of this paper is to analyze and show how to avoid the interference in infrared (IR) temperature field measurement during welding.

First, the hardware used in this experiment is described. In this paper, these interferences are first classified into diffuse and specular reflection based on reflection model, and are restrained, respectively. Finally, IR temperature is calibrated by thermocouple.

The specular reflection is the primary interference which causes high light zone. And it can be transferred out of welding seam when the IR thermography is placed perpendicularly to welding seam.

The paper provides a new IR measure method and detailed analysis about the interferences in applying IR temperature sensing.

This paper proposes that if a political system is more like to facilitate a unified government, to establish a strong executive body and to respond to the needs of the majority, financial reforms are more likely to emerge from the policymaking process and produce positive results. On the contrary, political systems that discourage those governing features are less likely to produce reforms. This chapter compares financial reform processes in China, Taiwan and New Zealand. All of them performed low level of financial reforms in the early 1980s but resulted in different situations later. In the mid-2000s, New Zealand heralded the most efficient and stable financial system; while Taiwan lagged behind and China performed the worst. Evidence showed that China’s authoritarian system may be the most superior in forming a unified government with a strong executive, but the policy priority often responds more to the interests of a small group of power elites; therefore the result of financial reform can be limited. Taiwan’s presidential system can produce greater financial reform when the ruling party controls both executive and legislative bodies, but legislative obstructions may occur under a divided government. New Zealand's Westminster system produces the most effective and efficient financial reform due to its unified government and a strong executive branch with consistent and stable supports from the New Zealand Parliament.

This study aims to make explicit fundamental challenges, which includes children with disabilities and special educational needs in education in China, Hong Kong, and Indonesia under the current conceptions of Inclusion and Education for All (EFA). Based on extensive research and staff development work in these places, this chapter argues for uniting the aims of inclusive education and EFA in order to realize the goal of EFA in all countries. Such a transformative agenda will require a new model of looking at difficulties in learning and the concept of diversity in education. Unless a conscious effort is made to move our thinking and planning from EFA to Inclusive EFA, we will not achieve true universal education.

Ti6Al4V is a widely used metal for biomedical application due to its excellent corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and mechanical strength. However, a coupling reaction of friction and corrosion is the critical reason for the failure of implants during the long-term service in human body, shortening the life expectancy and clinical efficacy of prosthesis. Hence, this study aims to find a feasible approach to modify the service performances of Ti6Al4V.

Selective laser melting (SLM), as one of the emerging metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies is capable for fabricating patient-specific personalized customization of artificial prosthesis joints, owing to its high adaptability for complex structures. This study is concerned with the tribocorrosion behavior of SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V substrate enhanced by laser rescanning and graphene oxide (GO) mixing. The tribocorrosion tests were performed on a ball-on-plate configuration under the medium of simulated body fluid (SBF). Moreover, the surface morphologies, microstructures, microhardness and contact angle tests were used to further reveal the in-situ strengthening mechanism of GO/Ti6Al4V nanocomposites.

The results suggest that the strengthening method of GO mixing and laser rescanning shows its capability to enhance the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V by improving surface morphologies and promoting the generation of hard phases. The wear volume of R-GO/Ti6Al4V is 5.1 × 10⁻² mm³, which is 25.0% lower than that of pure SLM-produced Ti6Al4V. Moreover, a wear-accelerated corrosion of the Ti6Al4V occurs in SBF medium, leading to a drop in the open circuit potential (OCP), but R-GO/Ti6Al4V has the lowest tendency to corrosion. Compared to that of pure Ti6Al4V, the microhardness and contact angle of R-GO/Ti6Al4V were increased by 32.89% and 32.60%, respectively.

Previous investigations related to SLM of Ti6Al4V have focused on improving its density, friction and mechanical performances by process optimization or mixing reinforcement phase. The authors innovatively found that the combination of laser rescanning and GO mixing can synergistically enhance the tribocorrosion properties of titanium alloy, which is a feasible way to prolong the service lives of medical implants.

The aim of this paper is reviewing the discipline development course of the history of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics and recognising the changes of its development and its historic mission in the new stage will be beneficial to the construction of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics from the perspective of doctrinal history.

In this paper from the aspect of discipline formation and development, the history of China’s socialist political economy has experienced two stages: emergence and formation (the first stage) and steady development (the second stage). It has explored new research fields and improved the quality of research levels. However, the role of studying the history of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics has not been fully played regarding satisfying the needs of constructing socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

In this study when the construction of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics entered a new era, the study of the history of socialist political economy also entered a new stage, showing new features in terms of research objectives, principles, scale and methods.

Therefore, the research on the history of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics should be highly emphasised, and the focus on serving the construction of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics should be its historic mission and core task. Also, researchers should pay attention to changing ideas, laying a good foundation, highlighting key points, building platforms and broadening horizons.

As a crucial institutional form established since the Chinese economic reform, the system of competitive local governments has been shaping the characteristics of China's socialist market economy to a considerable degree.

This study not only adopts the view of existing studies that attribute the economic motive of local governments to rent and consider land public finance as a means through which local governments carry out strategic investment but also attempts to further develop the view within a Marxist analytical framework.

As a result, the local governments have helped to maintain an incredibly high investment rate over a considerable period of time, facilitating the continuous, rapid growth of the Chinese economy.

This study concludes that China's local governments function as the productive allocator and user of rent in the strategic investment based on land public finance and thereby embed themselves in the relative surplus-value production initially arising from competition amongst enterprises, forming the dual structure of relative surplus-value production unique to China's economy.

This paper examines the different features of China's economic development in different stages of economic globalization. The study finds that the investment- and export-based growth model drove China's high-speed economic growth between 2000 and 2007, which came into existence around 2000 when China plugged into the global production network.

This paper also finds that China slowed down to the New Normal because of the disruption to the socio-economic underpinnings of this growth model. As China adapts to and steers the New Normal, supply-side structural reforms can channel excess capacity to the construction of underground pipe networks in rural areas of central China and fix capital while advance rural revitalization.

At the same time, enterprises must strive to build a key component development platform for key component innovation and the standard-setting power in global manufacturing.

The establishment of a domestic production network integrating the integrated innovation-driven core enterprises and modular producers at different levels can satisfy the dynamic demand structure of China in which standardized demands and personalized demands coexist.

This study aims to describe and analyze an innovative mechanism of teacher-led, system-wide professional learning that has been widely adopted since the beginning of the twenty-first century in China – the Master Teacher Studio (MTS).

This paper drew from policy documents, published Chinese literature relating to MTSs and personal fieldwork experience in Shanghai, Guangdong and Zhejiang province.

The article first outlines the context framing the system change, including its policy background and evolution, and then the MTS's purpose, formative process and structure. It finally examines major teacher learning activities and the leadership roles of the MTS hosts (leaders).

This study contributed to the knowledge base of system teacher leaders and how they lead cross-school leading.

The MTS initiative described in this article shows the power of central system leadership to spread and embed effective teacher learning practices at schools.

This article provides implications for understanding and practicing teacher system leadership to support teacher professional learning in different societies.