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In modern healthcare environments, collective leadership within nursing teams serves as a fundamental pillar for providing high-quality patient care. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors to improve the collective leadership among the healthcare practitioners.

Using data collected through an online survey of 417 registered nurses in 12 general hospital in Malaysia, the study uses partial least squares structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses.

The result indicate that the collective leadership is directly driven by team shared vision, team commitment and team collaboration. Finding also shows that team shared vision, team commitment and team collaboration has a positive and significant impact on collective leadership. Finally, this study also revealed that, the team collaboration is the most significance factor that affecting the collective leadership among nurses.

This work contributes to a better understanding on collective leadership, ultimately improving team effectiveness and patient care outcomes.

Since airlines that employ their resources effectively will achieve operating profitability, air route resource allocation is significant for airlines. This study aims to investigate an appropriate model to reallocate resources into each air route of an airline company.

This study proposes a network centralized data envelopment analysis (DEA) models with slack-based measure (SBM). The proposed model not only takes into account the two interconnected stages but also considers the nonradial approach with transfer-in and transfer-out slacks for resource reallocating. Furthermore, the authors modify the objective function to an input-oriented function with SBM, and divide the model into passenger and freight parts, which makes the model more realistic for the characteristic of air routes.

The empirical analysis using an airline company's internal data provides airline operators with information on how they increase or decrease input resources, which can serve as a practical guideline of resource reallocation. Specifically, the results indicate that the airline company should increase their input resources into long-haul air routes such as KOR-OCN while decreasing their input resources into short-haul air routes such as Korean-Oceania (KOR-OCN), Korean-Chinese (KOR-CHN), Korean-Southeast Asian (KOR-SEA), Korean-Japanese (KOR-JPN).

Although some papers evaluate air route efficiencies based on the DEA approach, a few existing papers have addressed resource allocation for air routes. This paper is the first to study the resource reallocation for air routes based on the DEA approach, contributing to the literature in expanding the scope of research on resource reallocation.