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The purpose of the study is to analytically as well as numerically investigate the weight of throughflow on the onset of Casson nanofluid layer in a permeable matrix. This study examines both the marginal and over stable kind of convective movement in the system.

A double-phase model is used for Casson nanofluid, which integrates the impacts of thermophoresis and Brownian wave, whereas for flow in the porous matrix the altered Darcy model is occupied under the statement that nanoparticle flux is disappear on the boundaries. The resultant eigenvalue problem is resolved analytically as well as numerically with the help of Galerkin process with the Casson nanofluid Rayleigh–Darcy number as the eigenvalue.

The findings revealed that the throughflow factor postpones the arrival of convective flow and reduces the extent of convective cells, whereas the Casson factor, the Casson nanoparticle Rayleigh–Darcy number and the reformed diffusivity ratio promote convective motion and also decrease the extent of convective cells.

Controlling the convective movement in heat transfer systems that generate high heat flux is a real mechanical challenge. The proposed framework proved that the use of throughflow is one of the most important ways to control the convective movement in Casson nanofluid. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no inspection has been established in the literature that studies the outcome of throughflow on the Casson nanofluid convective flow in a porous medium layer. However, the convective flow of Casson nanofluid finds many applications in improving heat transmission and energy efficiency in a range of thermal systems, such as the cooling of heat-generating elements in electronic devices, heat exchangers, pharmaceutical practices and hybrid-powered engines, where throughflow can play a significant role in controlling the convective motion.

This study aims to optimize the design of falling film heat exchangers by providing a deeper understanding of wave characteristics and capillary flow in laminar inclined falling films at low Reynolds numbers. The focus is on the effects of different Kapitza numbers, influenced by fluid properties and inclination, on the interfacial wave behavior.

A numerical investigation was conducted using the volume of fluid method within OpenFOAM’s interFoam solver. This study examined the effects of Kapitza number, inclination angle and inlet disturbances on wave formation and flow dynamics, analyzing how these factors influence interfacial wave amplitude, wavelength and flow in the capillary region.

The results revealed that higher Kapitza numbers lead to the formation of stronger capillary waves. Flow separation was observed in the capillary wave region for materials with high Kapitza numbers. An improved Nosoko correlation model was developed, incorporating the inclination angle to more accurately predict the relationship between wave peaks and wavelengths in inclined cases.

This research investigates the impact of low Kapitza number on inclined falling film flow, and a correlation model was derived that provides a broader range for evaluating wave behavior in inclined conditions, offering extended references for the design of falling film heat exchangers.

This article aims to propose a model to support the assessment and prioritization of risk in manufacturing processes.

The model integrates the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) criteria with the evaluation procedures of a new hesitant fuzzy linguistic-technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (HFL-TOPSIS) variation. A case study evaluating failure risk in a wiring harness assembly process demonstrated the model's applicability. A sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the effect of the variation in the weights assigned to the decision-makers (DMs).

The failure mode (FM) ranking was FM4 > FM9 > FM17 > FM2>FM8>FM12 > FM16 > FM19 > FM11 > FM3>FM18 > FM15 > FM13 > FM10 > FM14 > FM7 > FM1 > FM5 > FM6. These outcomes suggest that “stripping length less than specified” was the top priority among the 19 FMs evaluated. Sensitivity tests demonstrated the effect of the DMs’ weights on the ranking of FMs. A comparison with FMEA and HFL-TOPSIS demonstrates the model's greater capacity to discriminate levels of risk priority, as it identifies a total of 19 risk levels compared with 9 levels in the other approaches.

The adoption of the proposed model can drive substantial improvements in risk management practices across industries, provided that the organization has a decision-making team experienced with FMEA. Therefore, this approach promotes the continuous improvement of operations and ensures that mitigation actions effectively address critical FMs.

This is the first study to propose a risk evaluation model that accounts for DMs' hesitation in defining criteria weights through linguistic expressions. Additionally, it addresses uncertainty when assessing weights for the DMs’ opinions and considers multiple factors that affect these weights in decision-making for risk prioritization.

Neglected communities, such as transgender individuals in developing nations like Pakistan, face substantial barriers to economic participation due to diverse economic and social conditions. This study aims to explore the role of inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems in enhancing entrepreneurial intentions among these communities, emphasizing the mediating role of psychological capital and the moderating effect of entrepreneurial education.

Using social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior, the research adopts a questionnaire survey methodology with a sample size of 308 to gather data from transgender individuals engaged in or interested in entrepreneurship. The analysis was conducted using AMOS and SPSS software.

The results show that inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems directly enhance psychological capital but do not significantly affect entrepreneurial intentions unless psychological capital acts as a mediator. Entrepreneurial education does not illustrate a significant moderating effect on the connection between inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurial intentions.

These findings highlight the significance of psychological resources in transforming environmental supports into entrepreneurial action, proposing significant insights for policymakers and educators to foster more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems aligned with sustainable development goals. This study contributes to the discussion on entrepreneurship among underserved populations and demonstrates the vital role of personalized educational and environmental supports in developing economic participation.