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This study aims to investigate the relationship between integrated reporting, environmental innovation and the mediating effect of shareholder scores within the context of Japan.

SEM on panel data are used to study the impact of the role of shareholder scores in mediating the effect of integrated reporting on environmental innovation. This empirical study was based on a sample of 420 companies operating in Japan for the period spanning 2010 and 2022.

Drawing upon empirical results, this research uncovers the pivotal role of the shareholder's score as a mediating factor in this relationship. A higher shareholder score signifies a governance structure that values shareholder input and fairness in treatment. Empowered shareholders leverage their influence to advocate for transparent reporting practices that encompass environmental considerations. Consequently, firms with elevated shareholder scores are more inclined toward environmental innovation, aligning their strategies with sustainability imperatives.

The findings contribute to understanding of how corporate governance mechanisms, particularly shareholder empowerment, interact with reporting practices to drive environmental initiatives, providing valuable implications for sustainable business practices globally.

This study aims to explore how different Hofstede cultural dimensions moderate the impact of corporate social performance (CSR) on firm performance, both before and during the COVID-19 crisis.

This study aims to examine how Hofstede’s cultural dimensions influence the CSR-firm performance relationship, using data from 71,893 observations across 4,229 firms in common law countries from 2006–2022.

The study initially found that CSR investments negatively impacted firm performance both before and during the COVID-19 crisis. However, further analysis revealed that cultural dimensions acted as moderators, influencing this relationship. This suggests that cultural factors significantly affect how CSR initiatives impact a company’s performance, particularly during crises.

This study examines the relationship between CSR and firm financial performance through Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in common law countries, both before and during the COVID-19 crisis. It highlights the critical role of cultural factors in shaping the effectiveness of CSR initiatives across different economic conditions. The findings provide valuable implications for businesses and policymakers, suggesting that CSR strategies should be adapted to cultural contexts, especially in times of crisis.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of varying cultural dimensions, according to Hofstede, on corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance before and during the COVID-19 crisis.

This study examines the moderating impact of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on the relationship between CSR and firm performance. The database comprises 36,295 firm-year observations from 2,135 firms operating in civil law countries.

The findings confirm that CSR investments have a positive impact on firm performance both before and after the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, it becomes evident that cultural dimensions play a moderating role in the CSR–firm performance relationship. The crisis has generated a shift in perspective, emphasizing the advantages of CSR in terms of reputation and financial well-being in the post-crisis environment.

The significance of this study lies in its examination of the relationship between CSR and firm performance within the framework of Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory, before and during the COVID-19 crisis.