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The purpose of this study is to examine how a hotel virtual reality photography (VRP) preview enhances customers’ immediate booking intention compared to a picture preview.

Data were collected using a one-factor between-subject experimental design and time-based systematic sampling. Respondents were asked to read a scenario on an iPad and assess a hotel preview (VRPs vs pictures) before answering the questionnaire.

The results show that a hotel VRP preview generates more mental imagery than a picture preview in terms of quantity, vividness, modality and valence. These four dimensions of mental imagery indirectly influence customers’ immediate booking intentions through perceived utilitarian value and hedonic value, among which modality has the greatest influence on utilitarian value and valence has the greatest influence on hedonic value. Moreover, utilitarian value has a stronger impact on customers’ immediate booking intentions than does hedonic value.

The results obtained in this study contribute to hospitality research by using cognitive consistency theory as the overarching framework, combining mental imagery theory, media richness theory and perceived value theory to explain the mechanism of tourists’ hotel booking decision-making from hotel previews. Comparing this study’s results with previous studies shows the difference in the effects of 360° (head-mounted) videos, VRPs and pictures on evoking mental imagery across tourism and hotel products, updating our knowledge of VR technology in tourism marketing.

本研究旨在探讨与图片预览相比, 酒店虚拟现实摄影（VRP）预览如何增强客户的即时预订意图。

本研究采用单因素被试间实验设计和时间系统抽样收集数据。受试者在 iPad 上阅读场景并评估酒店预览（VRP与图片）, 然后填写问卷。

结果表明, 酒店VRP预览在心理意象的数量、生动性、感官模式和情感效价方面比图片预览生成更多的心理意象。这四个维度的心理意象通过感知的工具价值和享乐价值间接影响客户的即时预订意图, 其中感官模式对工具价值的影响最大, 情感效价对享乐价值的影响最大。此外, 工具价值对客户的即时预订意图的影响强于享乐价值。

本研究利用认知一致性理论作为总体框架, 结合心理意象理论、媒介丰富度理论和感知价值理论, 解释了游客在酒店预览中做出预订决策的机制。本研究结果与以往研究相比, 展示了360°（头戴式）视频、VRP和图片在唤起旅游和酒店产品心理意象方面的差异, 更新了我们对旅游营销中VR技术的理解。

While cyberloafing has emerged as a prevalent issue in numerous workplaces, research on its consequences is still underdeveloped, highlighting a need for further exploration and analysis. Drawing upon the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, this study investigates the influence of coworkers' cyberloafing on employees' workplace incivility, mediated by negative emotions and moderated by task interdependence.

In Study 1, the hypothesized research model was tested utilizing three-wave time-lagged survey data collected from 333 employees and their coworkers. In Study 2, an additional sample of 274 employees was surveyed. Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis and the bootstrap method.

The results indicated that coworkers' cyberloafing positively influenced employees' workplace incivility, with this relationship mediated by negative emotions. Additionally, task interdependence was found to positively moderate both the direct relationship between coworkers' cyberloafing and negative emotions and the indirect path from coworkers' cyberloafing to employees' workplace incivility through negative emotions.

This study helps managers gain a deeper understanding of cyberloafing's effects, enabling them to manage and curb it more effectively.

Prior research has predominantly explored the effects of cyberloafing on its implementers. However, this study innovatively shifts focus to the observer perspective, empirically demonstrating whether and how coworkers' cyberloafing affects employees' workplace incivility, enriching and expanding the existing literature.