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The purpose of this paper is to realize the lightweight of connecting rod and meet the requirements of low energy consumption and vibration. Based on the structural design of the original connecting rod, the finite element analysis was conducted to reduce the weight and increase the natural frequencies, so as to reduce materials consumption and improve the energy efficiency of internal combustion engine.

The finite element analysis, structural optimization design and topology optimization of the connecting rod are applied. Efficient hybrid method is deployed: static and modal analysis; and structure re-design of the connecting rod based on topology optimization.

After the optimization of the connecting rod, the weight is reduced from 1.7907 to 1.4875 kg, with a reduction of 16.93%. The maximum equivalent stress of the optimized connecting rod is 183.97 MPa and that of the original structure is 217.18 MPa, with the reduction of 15.62%. The first, second and third natural frequencies of the optimized connecting rod are increased by 8.89%, 8.85% and 11.09%, respectively. Through the finite element analysis and based on the lightweight, the maximum equivalent stress is reduced and the low-order natural frequency is increased.

This paper presents an optimization method on the connecting rod structure. Based on the statics and modal analysis of the connecting rod and combined with the topology optimization, the size of the connecting rod is improved, and the static and dynamic characteristics of the optimized connecting rod are improved.

Shopping through e-commerce platforms has become a primary daily activity. However, research on consumer engagement within e-commerce platform contexts remains scarce. We examine the relationship between consumer engagement on online shopping platforms and their subjective well-being, considering self-expansion and self-extension as mediators.

We investigate the role of consumer engagement by dividing it into two experiences (crowdsourcing and crowdsending). Using validated measurement scales to analyze data from 440 South Korean consumers, we examine how these engagement experiences affect self-expansion and self-extension, ultimately leading to higher subjective well-being.

Crowdsourcing and crowdsending play different and complementary roles in improving self-concept. Furthermore, self-expansion and self-extension are key variables influencing consumer engagement and well-being on the platform.

This study provides a new perspective of consumer online shopping behavior, revealing the self-related mechanisms that influence the relationship between consumer engagement experiences and subjective well-being.

In the context of growing efforts by online businesses to enhance consumer connections, understanding consumer engagement behaviors is imperative. This study explores consumer engagement within online shopping platforms, specifically introducing and examining the roles of crowdsourcing and crowdsending.

The study developed and validated measurement scales for crowdsourcing and crowdsending engagement across transactional, multi-sided and inspirational platforms.

Identifying five sub-dimensions within crowdsourcing and crowdsending, the results unveiled nuances in consumer–platform interactions, emphasizing the value of co-creation. Crowdsourcing entails transaction-oriented engagements such as knowledge gathering, utilitarian and hedonic browsing, interaction and co-shopping. The findings revealed that crowdsourcing significantly influenced platform commitment, surpassing the impact of crowdsending on transactional platforms. Conversely, crowdsending involves knowledge sharing, feedback, participation, advocacy and reciprocity, fostering active engagement and shared value within the platform ecosystem. Notably, the results showed that crowdsending strengthened commitment to inspirational platforms more than to conventional shopping platforms.

This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of a range of consumer engagement experiences in online shopping environments and presents practical applications, offering valuable insights for commerce businesses aiming to optimize their digital strategies.

This study aims to investigate the intentions of Muslim cryptocurrency (CC) holders to fulfil their zakat obligations on digital assets, exploring the unique motivations and barriers within this emerging financial landscape.

The research uses a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional research design through online surveys, using purposive sampling to gather data from Muslim CC holders. The integrated model, known as the theory of planned behaviour and social cognitive theory (TPB-SCT) model, is used to comprehensively analyse the key factors influencing intentions to pay zakat on cryptocurrencies (CCs).

The study reveals that attitude towards zakat on CCs and perceived behavioural control regarding zakat on CCs have a significant and positive effect on the intention to pay. In contrast, subjective norms show no significant influence. CCs-related financial risk exerts a negative impact on intention. Moreover, CCs-related zakat knowledge and adherence to Shariah compliance are strongly associated with intention. These findings provide insights into the intricate dynamics of religious compliance within the evolving realm of digital assets.

Outcomes offer profound indications to stakeholders, including financial institutions, zakat agencies, policymakers and the community, on how to integrate zakat into this new and rapidly evolving financial paradigm like CC.

A pioneering effort was made in this study by exploring the intentions of Muslim CC holders to fulfil zakat obligations, bridging a significant gap in the existing literature. Developing and validating an integrated model of TPB-SCT in the realm of zakat on CC enriches the literature with a novel theoretical framework.

This study reveals the trigger of innovative behavior from the perspective of intrinsic and extrinsic spiritual inspiration and provides a new research idea for the formation mechanism of innovative behavior. The purpose of this study is to provide certain guidance and implications for enterprises to cultivate and enhance employees’ innovative behavior.

We conducted three studies, collected multi-source data (N = 1,175) from different countries longitudinally, as well as used hierarchical regression analysis and fuzzy-set quantitative comparative analysis to verify the theoretical model.

According to the findings, both spiritual leadership and career calling have a positive impact on employees’ innovative behavior through the mediating effect of autonomous motivation and the moderating effect of person-vocation fit.

Innovative behavior is the positive professional pursuit of employees, which is difficult to form without the motivation of spiritual factors. Spirituality is a complex concept that contains intrinsic and extrinsic spiritual factors, both of which could stimulate employees’ innovative behavior. Although many discussions have been held on this topic in recent years, little attention has been paid simultaneously to the motivating effects of the two perspectives. Drawn from self-determination theory, this study explores the mechanisms of two spiritual motivation paths (i.e. the intrinsic and extrinsic spiritual motivation paths) in the improvement of employees’ innovative behavior.

Damage of engineering structures is a nonlinear evolutionary process that spans across both material and structural levels, from mesoscale to macroscale. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of damage analysis methods at both the material and structural levels.

This study provides an overview of multiscale damage analysis of engineering structures, including its definition and significance. Current status of damage analysis at both material and structural levels is investigated, by reviewing damage models and prediction methods from single-scale to multiscale perspectives. The discussion of prediction methods includes both model-based simulation approaches and data-driven techniques, emphasizing their roles and applications. Finally, summarize the main findings and discuss potential future research directions in this field.

In the material level, damage research primarily focuses on the degradation of material properties at the macroscale using continuum damage mechanics (CDM). In contrast, at the mesoscale, damage research involves analyzing material behavior in the meso-structural domain, focusing on defects like microcracks and void growth. In structural-level damage analysis, the macroscale is typically divided into component and structural scales. The component scale examines damage progression in individual structural elements, such as beams and columns, often using detailed finite element or mesoscale models. The structural scale evaluates the global behavior of the entire structure, typically using simplified models like beam or shell elements.

To achieve realistic simulations, it is essential to include as many mesoscale details as possible. However, this results in significant computational demands. To balance accuracy and efficiency, multiscale methods are employed. These methods are categorized into hierarchical approaches, where different scales are processed sequentially, and concurrent approaches, where multiple scales are solved simultaneously to capture complex interactions across scales.

Emergencies have become a growing concern for organizations, which require flexibility to respond to changes in emergencies based on their contingency, dynamic evolution rapidly and other characteristics. In order to enhance the ability of engineering project organizations to cope with emergencies, this study explores the mechanism of its influence on knowledge innovation under emergencies from the perspective of bricolage theory, and provides a new perspective for the traditional preplanning-based handling of emergencies by improvising to enhance the ability and results of improvisation.

Firstly, a structural equation model of the relationship between bricolage and knowledge innovation was constructed by introducing improvisational behavior and serendipity as mediating and moderating variables of the relationship between bricolage and knowledge innovation based on bricolage theory; secondly, drawing on previous well-established measurement scales about bricolage, improvisational behavior, knowledge innovation and serendipity, a questionnaire survey was conducted with different types of engineering project managers and technicians in Gansu Province as the research subjects, and 238 valid questionnaires were returned; finally, validation factor analysis and correlation analysis were performed, and the hypothesized relationships were verified using AMOS 24.0 software.

The results show that bricolage positively influences improvisational behavior; improvisational behavior positively influences knowledge innovation; bricolage positively influences knowledge innovation; bricolage influences knowledge innovation through the mediating role of improvisational behavior and serendipity positively moderates the impact of resource bricolage on knowledge innovation.

It reveals the mechanism of knowledge innovation of engineering project organizations in response to emergencies and the innovation mechanism of the episodic nature of emergency decision-making, extends the applicable context of bricolage theory and provides a new perspective for engineering project organizations in response to emergencies.

Open-source communities are platforms that promote knowledge sharing. The mitigation of open-source risks is crucial to these communities. Therefore, this article explores the governance mechanisms of knowledge sharing in open-source communities.

To answer the core research question – “What are the governance mechanisms of knowledge sharing in open-source communities?” – we conducted an in-depth case study analysis of two open-source communities based in China.

Two types of open-source communities were found: technology-driven communities and enterprise ecosystem-oriented communities. Hence, their governance mechanisms differed. For the former type, it was important to integrate social and commercial value to encourage knowledge exchange and enhance business scenarios through community-user experience. For the latter type, mutual collaboration and knowledge sharing could be fostered through differentiated layouts and the distributed collaboration of developers around data-driven innovation scenarios. This required the integration of individual and ecosystem value through value exchange.

This study advances our understanding of the coordinated development between founding firms and digital technology-based open-source communities. The findings offer important guidance to business practitioners seeking to manage knowledge-sharing activities during digital transformations.

Body language is an integral part of interpersonal communication and exchange, which can convey rich emotions, intentions and information. However, how anchor’s body language works in live-streaming e-commerce (LSE) has yet to receive adequate attention. Based on dual systems theory of decision-making, this paper aims to explore the impact of anchor’s body language on the performance of LSE from the perspective of customer engagement behavior and to examine the moderating role of anchor’s relational social interaction.

The authors confirmed the theoretical model through empirical analysis of structured data from 1,415 actual livestreaming rooms from Douyin, as well as unstructured data of 418,939 min of video and audio, 1,985,473 words of text and 423,302 keyframe images.

The study found that anchor’s body language has a significant positive effect on the performance of LSE, and customer engagement behavior plays a partially mediating role. The moderating effect suggests that anchor’s relational social interaction and body language have substitution effects in enhancing customer engagement behavior and the performance of LSE, which reveals the substitution relationship between anchor’s verbal and nonverbal interactions in LSE.

This study is one of the earlier literature focusing on anchor’s body language, and the findings provide practical references for enhancing customer engagement behavior and achieving performance growth in LSE.

Adopting the context, input, process and product (CIPP) evaluation assessment model, this study aims to achieve three objectives: (1) to identify the characteristics of educational activities conducted by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) museum; (2) to explore the key factors that promote and optimize the educational objectives of the ITTF museum and (3) to develop a framework that attempts to unpack the complex and dynamic processes of activities conducted by the ITTF museum.

A qualitative research using in-depth interviews was conducted to explore the functions and activities of the ITTF museum.

The path of educational activities carried out is expressed in four aspects: (1) educational background including philosophy and purpose, advantages possessed and the learning needs and readiness of the audience; (2) the resource input includes resource allocation, venue structure, funding channels and the basis of activity program design; (3) the educational activity process includes external cooperation and exchange, the specific content of the activity programs, the teaching strategies and methods during the activities and the response to the challenges of the epidemic and (4) the results of the activities include the number of audience and population distribution, evaluation and feedback of the activities, ways and means of promoting the activities and difficulties and challenges faced.

In the follow-up studies, quantitative research can be conducted by developing a questionnaire based on the current study’s findings. Evaluation scales can be set to continue to enrich and improve the uncovered research content, which is conducive to promoting the objectives of the ITTF museum and giving full play to the educational function, thus enriching the research of sports museums.

The contributions of this study are as follows. First, it enriches the application of the CIPP assessment model in the context of sports museums. It helps the ITTP museum better perform its educational function and provides a reference for future activities of sports museums.