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Cloud accounting has emerged as a compelling area of research, experiencing significant growth in recent years. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyze the dispersed academic literature on cloud accounting research. Through this review, this study aims to gain insights into various aspects including research methodologies, frameworks, geographical dispersion, trends, pivotal factors and causal relationships pertinent to cloud accounting.

To offer a comprehensive and objective overview of cloud accounting research, this study adopts a systematic literature review approach. Seventy-five papers published between 2013 and 2023 were selected from the Scopus database, Springer Link, Emerald Insight and IEEE Xplore, following specific criteria outlined in the PRISMA process.

Analysis reveals that cloud accounting research is organized into four primary themes: understanding the benefits and challenges of cloud accounting; identifying factors influencing cloud accounting adoption; exploring factors influenced by cloud accounting implementation; and examining the mediating role of cloud accounting. Besides, the analysis indicates a notable surge in cloud accounting research from 2021 to 2023, with 40 articles published during this period, signaling a growing interest in the topic. Previous studies primarily concentrated on developing countries, with Jordan, Indonesia, Malaysia, India and Nigeria emerging as focal points. The organizational level was predominantly explored, particularly in the context of small- and medium-sized enterprises, indicating a trend toward organizational-level analysis. Notably, a significant portion of cloud accounting studies were not published in prestigious journals indexed under Scopus.

This study provides insights into the publication status of cloud accounting by year, journal and country. Methodological, theoretical and unit of analysis information is also presented. Finally, the study outlines limitations and suggests future research directions.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between political connections and the narrative disclosure tone of management discussion and analysis (MD&A) reports in Indonesia during the normal economic (2018 to 2019) and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 to 2021) periods.

Data on political connections were collected manually from annual reports, government websites and online search engines. Meanwhile, the narrative disclosure tone was measured from the MD&A reports according to the wordlist by Loughran and McDonalds (2011) processed with Diction 7 software. Multiple linear regression was used to test 414 nonfinancial corporations listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018–2021 period.

Under normal economic conditions, the results support impression management theory, where political connections are used to frame information with a more positive tone. Data obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic, on the other hand, confirm the incremental information theory. Furthermore, companies connected to actively serving state leaders consistently present MD&A reports with a more positive tone in both research periods. Proximity to legislative and government institutions allows politically connected companies (with members of the parliament or any political figures/party leaders/officials with strategic functions) to present MD&A reports with a negative tone and more information during the pandemic. The results are robust to alternative measures and endogeneity testing.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the association between political connections and narrative disclosure tone in Indonesia by considering the moderating role of the COVID-19 pandemic.