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This paper aims to study the inhibition effect of 2-pyridinealdazine on the corrosion of mild steel in an acidic medium. The inhibition effect was studied using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization measurements.

Weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and spectral and conformational isomers analysis of A (E-PAA) and B (Z-PAA) were performed were investigated.

2-pyridinealdazine (PAA) acts as a good inhibitor for the corrosion of steel in 2.0 M H₃PO₄. The inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in inhibitor concentration but decreases with an increase in temperature.

This paper is intended to be added to the family of azines which are highly efficient inhibitors and can be used in the area of corrosion prevention and control.

A series of composite solders in 63/37 Sn/Pb was prepared: Cu₆ Sn₅ (10, 20, 30 wt%); Cu₃ Sn (10, 20, 30 wt%); Cu (7.6 wt%); Ag (4 wt%); and Ni (4 wt%). These composite solders were prepared by two procedures: (A) admixture with solder paste; and (B) admixture with molten solder. The original particulates and the final composite solders were analysed and characterised by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) EDX (energy dispersive X‐ray), and ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemicals analysis); or XPS (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy). A variety of morphological characterisations, intermetallics and porosities were noted. Good wetting was noted in all cases, and porosity was greater for method (A). The particulates all exhibited excellent binding to the solder matrix.

Composite solders were prepared by mechanically dispersing 15v% of Cu or Ag particles into the eutectic Sn‐3.5Ag solder. The average sizes for the nominally spherical Cu and Ag particles were 6 and 4 microns, respectively. Two different processing methods were used to prepare the composite solders: blending the powdered particles with solder paste, and adding particles to the molten solder at 2808C. The composite solders were characterised by studying the morphology, size and distribution of the reinforcing phase. Particular interest and emphasis are given towards the modifications of the reinforcements during the reflow process. Microstructural features and chemical analysis of the composite solders were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) analysis. The effect of reflow and isothermal ageing on the microstructure as well as the morphological changes in the interfacial IM layer of the composite solders were extensively analysed. A mechanism for IM layer growth is proposed for solid state isothermal ageing.

Organic solderability preservative (OSP) coatings are not new. They have been used successfully with aggressive water soluble flux for assembly of through‐hole only PWBs. However, the multiple heating cycles required for mixed technology assembly and use of no‐clean low solids flux (LSF) for wave solder assembly have placed a greater demand on the solderability protection provided by OSPs. Wetting balance and float testing were used to evaluate numerous OSPs as well as the potential for these surface finishes to be used for ‘No‐Clean’ assembly. Although these laboratory evaluations revealed that OSPs are not as robust as SnPb, they did indicate the assembly processes and materials which could work with OSPs. Additional simulated assembly trials with test vehicles confirmed that thick OSP pre‐flux coatings interfere with soldering and that the solderability of surfaces with thin OSPs degrades when heated in an air environment. Since none of the OSPs evaluated outperformed the imidazole currently in use at AT&T, a no‐clean LSF assembly production trial with a mixed technology telecommunication circuit pack was conducted to compare imidazole with hot air solder levelled surfaces. The production trial and laboratory evaluations resulted in the development of an application model. The elements of the application model are not complicated: (1) use thin OSPs, (2) avoid baking, (3) use as aggressive a flux as possible, (4) apply as much flux as possible, (5) apply the flux where you want solder to wet, and (6) use nitrogen inerted processes whenever possible. Combination of these elements has led to the successful implementation of OSPs for no‐clean assembly. Funding for this effort was obtained through the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) Printed Wiring Board Interconnect Program.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to improve the corrosion inhibition behavior of molybdate‐based inhibitors for mild steel, using organic compounds containing a phenyl ring together with nitrite agent. As picrate contains a phenyl ring together with three substituent nitrite anions, it is used as an organic compound. In this study a new molybdate‐based inhibitor was introduced with the composition of 60 ppm molybdate/40 ppm nitrite/20 ppm picrate. Inhibition efficiency of molybdate alone and with nitrite and picrate on the uniform corrosion of mild steel in stimulated cooling water was assessed.

The inhibition efficiency of molybdate alone and with nitrite and picrate on the uniform corrosion of mild carbon steel in stimulated cooling water (SCW) was assessed by electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance (AC impedance) measurements and weight loss determinations at the room temperature. Studies of electron microscopy included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photography and X‐Ray energy dispersive (EDS) microanalysis were used.

The results obtained from the polarization and AC impedance curves were in agreement with those from the corrosion weight loss results. The results indicated that the new inhibitor was as effective as molybdate alone, though at one quarter of the concentration range of molybdate, which is economically favorable.

The paper demonstrates improvement in corrosion inhibition of mild steel in SCW via a blend of molybdate, nitrite and picrate as a new anodic inhibitor.

In order to enhance the performance of R&D in manufacturing organizations, the R&D managers need to identify the internal as well as the external factors that affect the R&D performance of manufacturing organizations in India. They need to understand the inter‐dependencies of these factors. This paper seeks to identify the critical success factors for R&D in Indian manufacturing firms.

There may be a number of factors that are critical for achieving acceptable R&D performance and these factors have been identified by a number of instruments or means, such as questionnaire surveys, brainstorming, and consolidation by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 14 factors have been identified by using principal component analysis and finally we have developed a structure of interrelationship among the identified critical success factors using an interpretive structural model.

The results show that R&D vision and direction and R&D oriented culture are the most important critical success factors (CSFs) and they have a great influence on the other CSFs. Though R&D vision and direction and R&D oriented culture are the short‐term objectives, Indian manufacturing firms should be equipped with proper R&D management strategy to achieve the long‐term objectives, such as achievement of revenue and profitability within a quick time frame.

Although R&D managers of Indian manufacturing firms are aware of various critical success factors, a systematic approach is required for identifying them, and as these factors may have complex interrelations between them for analyzing R&D performance in a manufacturing firm, it is essential that such an approach is in place. The hierarchy based ISM further defines those factors which are really critical and need more focus on the root causes of the success. In addition to that, the proposed ISM model acts as a good guideline in order to improve the performance of the manufacturing R&D organizations in India.

The paper provides an interpretive structural model to develop a map of the complex relationships and magnitude among identified critical success factors.

Transmission Mossbauer Spectroscopy of corrosion products of mild steel immersed in 3 per cent NaCl and 3 per cent NaCl containing 0.03 M concentrations of different inhibitors viz. sodium nitrite, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, sodium meta borate and sodium hexameta phosphate were carried out to understand the corrosion process occurring under these conditions. All corrosion products showed the presence of γ‐FeOOH and superparamagnetic (SPM) α‐FeOOH. However, the corrosion product obtained on mild steel in presence of nitrite showed non‐stoichiometric magnetite (Fe_3−xO₄) along with oxyhydroxides. The corrosion products of steel in presence of phosphate inhibitor showed the presence of ferrous phosphate. The Mossbauer results were supported by FTIR studies. Electrochemical studies showed a high polarisation resistance (Rp) in ease of nitrite inhibitors. Therefore, it can be concluded that an inhibitor which promote the formation Fe_3−xO₄ can provide better protection for steel substrate.

The paper tries to understand the needs of the international assignees across the different stages of expatriation and how different developers in the professional and non-professional sphere render support and advice through these stages.

In this paper, the authors have interviewed 20 expatriates of various nationalities and tried to understand the various needs of the expatriates across the three initial stages of an assignment.

The paper finds that four important mentors in an expatriation assignment play multiple need-based mentoring functions at various assignment stages: host country nationals (HCNs), parent country nationals, fellow expatriates and family.

This paper contributes to the literature on the need-based support rendered to expatriates during an international assignment. The paper, however, does not incorporate the perceptions of other vital stakeholders in the network and their intentions to contribute to the developmental network.

This paper lays down important practical implications for expatriates and the human resource management (HRM) professionals. This paper urges the practitioners to take a nuanced approach for developing expatriates than a generalized mentoring programme.

This study highlights the changing needs of the international assignees across the stages of an international assignment and demonstrates the important intra-organizational and extra-organizational developers such as family members in the fulfilment of these needs.

Executive leadership plays a crucial role in initiating, shaping and directing strategic reorientations. But it must somehow mediate between forces of inertia and fundamental changes. This paper aims to address the unresolved paradox: how do executives address these conflicting demands?

This paper aims to interweave two streams of seminal research in organizational evolution and organizational culture to develop a typology of strategic reorientations. The four types of strategic reorientations are illustrated with the help of published cases and biographies of CEOs, mostly of high visibility international companies such as Heineken, Burger King and Starbucks.

Combinations of high and low levels of executive team consensus on its external adaptation tasks and on its internal integration tasks provoke four different types of strategic reorientations: chaotic, negotiated, muted and promising.

Until appropriate methods of empirical research can be found to test this framework, one has to rely on some anecdotal support as preliminary and cursory evidence. This study can inform a wide body of research which incorrectly suggested that consensus among executives during strategic reorientation has a unidirectional, positive impact on organizational performance. Directions to explore how top executives may develop ambidextrous leadership are suggested.

Seeking high growth, executive teams must have a good mix of managerial and entrepreneurial cognitions. Therefore, executives having dissimilar skills and backgrounds should be inducted in the team periodically, instead of hiring hurriedly at the eleventh hour. Otherwise, the new executives may contribute too high or too low levels of consensus of each type needed for optimal strategic reorientation.

The paper has not attempted this aspect.

This paper contributes a novel framework that combines two streams of seminal research, which, each by itself, would not sufficiently address the unresolved executive paradox.

The aim of this research was to investigate the use of aqueous extracts of nettle plant (NE) as a green corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution.

The inhibition efficiency was investigated by weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarizations, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, SEM observations and EDX analysis.

The inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in concentration of NE up to a critical concentration of 1.5×10−3 g · cm−3 where the highest inhibition efficiency of 97 percent was obtained. The adsorption of the inhibitor was spontaneous (reflected by the negative value of ΔG_ads0), supported the mechanism of physical adsorption and obeyed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition action of the extracts was independent on the storage time; it could be conserved without any specific conditions of time and temperature.

The anticorrosion effect can be better understood when the active compound in the extracts is identified and what is the inhibition efficiency of one component in the presence of another in the mixture (synergetic or antagonist effects).

Nettle is a healthy plant, without particular toxicity that can find possible applications as environmentally friendly inhibitor of mild steel used as materials in food industry.

Aqueous nettle extracts were studied for the first time as corrosion inhibitor and its anticorrosion effect was proven by standard methods.