Search results

This paper aims to detail the reactive flow simulations of a LOX/CH4 multi-element rocket engine. The work has been conducted within the framework of the HYPROB-BREAD project whose main objective is the design, manufacture and testing of a LOX/LCH4 regeneratively cooled ground demonstrator.

Numerical simulations have been carried out with both commercial software and CIRA software developed in house. Two sets of boundary conditions, nominal and experimental, have been applied from which a code-to-code validation has been effected with the former and a code-to-experiment validation with the latter.

The results presented include both flow data and heat fluxes as well as parameters associated with engine performance, and indicate an excellent agreement with experimental data of a LOX/CH4 multi-element rocket engine.

The research is unique as the CIRA code Numerical Experimental Tool (NExT) has been validated with the commercial software FLUENT as well as with experimental values from the firing of the LOX/CH4 rocket engine demonstrator.

In the current landscape of the beverage market, craft beer has secured a prominent position, attracting consumers seeking high-quality products with distinctive characteristics. This study aims to identify the key drivers of consumer preferences for craft beer attributes.

Conjoint analysis and cluster segmentation were employed to analyze the preferences of 351 Italian craft beer consumers.

The preferences of a representative sample were analyzed to identify the utilities associated with various beer attributes, including colour, alcohol level, body, raw material origin and price. The findings indicate that colour is the most highly valued attribute, followed by price and alcohol level. Consumers prefer beers with a lighter colour, a moderate alcohol level between 5 and 7% and an affordable price. Furthermore, beers that emphasize the Italian origin of raw materials are appreciated, demonstrating a strong link with local identity. The segmentation of the sample into three clusters revealed significant differences in preferences. The first cluster preferred light beers at medium prices, the second for amber beers at low prices and the third opted for dark and full-bodied beers.

The findings of this study provide valuable insights for craft beer producers seeking to refine their marketing strategies and product development. Producers can better meet consumers’ evolving preferences by better understanding the diverse needs of consumers and optimizing their offerings in an increasingly competitive market.