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The purpose of this paper is to develop a generalized observer and controller for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor to make the system more robust for parameter variations, load torque and speed tracking.

A robust interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC) technique for BLDC motor is introduced in this paper. The IDA-PBC is used to obtain the reference voltages for pulse width modulation (PWM) control. The immersion and invariance (I&I) observer is used to estimate the load torque and speed of the BLDC motor. At the time of starting, the motor rotates in arbitrary direction, and sometimes, because of the cogging action, it may take a huge current. Therefore, a new start-up method is proposed for the BLDC motor, which maintains the alignment of the rotor.

From the simulation and experimental results, it can be seen that the proposed controller and observer satisfactorily work for parameter variations, load torque and speed tracking.

The authenticity of the proposed technique is tested experimentally on two different BLDC motors using low-cost 32-bit STM32F407VG microcontroller. The response of the proposed technique is evaluated by changing motor parameters such as stator resistance, inductance, flux linkage constant and torque constant.

The financial sector's resilience is associated with greater prosperity and a better average income. Banks have evolved their business model and diversified their sources of income, and bank digitalization has become one of the prominent strategies. The purpose of this study is to examine how bank service expansion represented by revenue diversification activities and digital strategy will enhance bank stability in ASEAN countries from 2010 to 2021.

This study uses information from the Datastream database and banks’ annual reports to measure bank stability, diversification and market power, which also provide information for bank digital strategy. This study uses the two-step system generalized method of moments to investigate the effect of diversification and digitalization on bank stability in ASEAN.

The results of this study show that bank revenue diversification has no effect on bank stability, and the presence of the chief digital officer and digital disclosure improves banks’ stability. However, alliance strategy with financial technology companies does not significantly impact bank stability and might increase bank risk.

The findings of this study provide relevant policy implications: the regulation should support bank business to diversify the source of income; regulators and policymakers should regulate and enhance the Information and Communication Technology infrastructure; and banks should design their strategy comprehensively.

This study provides new evidence of the essential role of digital strategy in enhancing bank stability in ASEAN. In addition, this study also shows how banks diversify their business in a competitive environment.

This study aims to introduce librarians to ChatGPT and challenge them to think about how it fits into their work and what learning they will need to do in order to stay relevant in the realm of artificial intelligence.

Popular and scientific media sources were monitored over the course of two months to gather current discussions about the uses of and opinions about ChatGPT. This was analyzed in light of historical developments in education and libraries. Additional sources of information on the topic were described and discussed so that the issue is made relevant to librarians and libraries.

The potential risks and benefits of ChatGPT are highly relevant for librarians but also currently not fully understood. We are in a very early stage of understanding and using this technology but it does appear to have the possibility of becoming disruptive to libraries as well as many other aspects of life.

ChatGPT-3 has only been publicly available since the end of November 2022. We are just now starting to take a deeper dive into what this technology means for libraries. This paper is one of the early ones that provide librarians with some direction in terms of where to focus their interest and attention in learning about it.