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This paper aims to analyse the concept of form over substance and introduces the term substance gap to the literature. The substance gap is defined as the difference between the way a concept is expressed and its intended result. Besides, the study investigates the issue from both classical and contemporary viewpoints.

The methodology adopted in this paper is descriptive research.

This paper has depicted the substance gap in contemporary contracts and found that form is equally important as substance in Islamic finance contracts. This paper offers a fresh outlook on form and substance to highlight the importance of the issue and its significance. The findings of the study will help researchers address the issue at its roots and help them to bridge the gap between the form and substance of Islamic finance contracts.

This paper investigates the substance gap in contemporary contracts that exists between the fiqh rules and conditions of an Islamic contract, and their development and construction. Further, the gap could also be attributed to the pressure to cope with a complicated modern finance environment.

The purpose of this paper is to present an economic–statistical design (ESD) for the Bayesian X‾ control chart based on predictive distribution with two types of informative and noninformative prior distributions.

The design used in this study is based on determining the control chart of the predictive distribution and then its ESD. The new proposed cost model is presented by considering the conjugate and Jeffrey's prior distribution in calculating the expected total cycle time and expected cost per cycle, and finally, the optimal design parameters and related costs are compared with the fixed ratio sampling (FRS) mode.

Numerical results show decreases in costs in this Bayesian approach with both Jeffrey's and conjugate prior distribution compared to the FRS mode. This result shows that the Bayesian approach which is based on predictive density works better than the classical approach. Also, for the Bayesian approach, however, there is no significant difference between the results of using Jeffrey's and conjugate prior distributions. Using sensitivity analysis, the effect of cost parameters and shock model parameters and deviation from the mean on the optimal values of design parameters and related costs have been investigated and discussed.

This research adds to the body of knowledge related to quality control of process monitoring systems. This paper may be of particular interest to quality system practitioners for whom the effect of the prior distribution of parameters on the quality characteristic distribution is important.

economic statistical design (ESD) of Bayesian control charts based on predictive distribution is presented for the first time.

The purpose of this study is to fabricate an ultraviolet (UV) metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector based on zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) grown on seeded silicon (Si) substrate that was prepared by a low-cost method (drop-casting technique).

The drop-casting method was used for the seed layer deposition, the hydrothermal method was used for the growth of ZnO NRs and subsequent fabrication of UV MSM photodetector was done using the direct current sputtering technique. The performance of the fabricated MSM devices was investigated by current–voltage (I–V) measurements. The photodetection mechanism of the fabricated device was discussed.

Semi-vertically high-density ZnO (NRs) were effectively produced with a preferential orientation along the (002) direction, and increased crystallinity is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Photoluminescence results show a high UV region. The fabricated MSM UV photodetector showed that the ZnO (NRs) MSM device has great stability over time, high photocurrent, good sensitivity and high responsivity under 365 nm wavelength illumination and 0 V, 1 V, 2 V and 3 V applied bias. The responsivity and sensitivity for the fabricated ZnO NRs UV photodetector are 0.015 A W-1, 0.383 A W-1, 1.290 A W-1 and 1.982 A W-1 and 15,030, 42.639, 100.173 and 334.029, respectively, under UV light (365 nm) illumination at (0 V, 1 V, 2 V and 3 V).

This paper uses the drop-casting technique and the hydrothermal method as simple and low-cost methods to fabricate and improve the ZnO NRs photodetector.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a double-objective economic statistical design (ESD) of (X ‾) control chart under Weibull failure properties with the Linex asymmetric loss function. The authors have expressed the probability of type II error (β) as the statistical objective and the expected cost as the economic objective.

The design used in this study is based on a double-objective economic statistical design of (X ‾) control chart with Weibull shock model via applying Banerjee and Rahim's model for non-uniform and uniform schemes with Linex asymmetric loss function. The results in the least average cost and β in uniform and non-uniform schemes by Linex loss function, compared with the same schemes without loss function.

Numerical results indicate that it is not possible to reduce the second type of error and costs at the same time, which means that by reducing the second type of error, the cost increases, and by reducing the cost, the second type of error increases, both of which are very important. Obtained based on the needs of the industry and which one has more priority has the right to choose. These designs define a Pareto optimal front of solutions that increase the flexibility and adaptability of the X ‾ control chart in practice. When the authors use non-uniform schemes instead of uniform schemes, the average cost per unit time decreases by an average and when the authors apply loss function, the average cost per unit time increases by an average. Also, this quantity for double-objective schemes with loss function compared to without loss function schemes in cases uniform and non-uniform increases. The reason for this result is that the model underestimated the costs before using the loss function.

This research adds to the body of knowledge related to flexibility in process quality control. This article may be of interest to quality systems experts in factories where the choice between cost reduction and statistical factor reduction can affect the production process.

The cost functions for double-objective uniform and non-uniform sampling schemes with the Weibull shock model based on the Linex loss function are presented for the first time.

Normal-weight obesity (NWO), characterized by normal body mass index (BMI) but excess body fat, is a potential contributor to chronic diseases. This study aims to assess the relationship between this phenomenon and some metabolic factors in a population of Iranian employees.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on Iranian employees from the baseline data of Employees Health Cohort Study, Shiraz, Iran. Anthropometric measures, including weight, height, waist circumference and percentage of body fat, were obtained from the cohort database. The participants were divided into three groups: healthy, normal-weight obese and overweight/obese. Metabolic variables including blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, liver function enzymes and metabolic syndrome were assessed in relation to the study groups.

A total of 985 participants aged 25–64 years were included. Males with NWO had significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to the healthy group in the fully adjusted model. Also, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly lower among females with overweight/obesity than healthy group when adjusted for age and energy intake. Furthermore, after adjusting for age and energy intake, both genders in the overweight/obese group showed significantly elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while this was not observed for the NWO group. Lastly, metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in NWO as well as overweight/obesity.

These findings further encourage identification of excess body fat, even in normal-weight individuals, to prevent chronic metabolic diseases. Special attention should be paid to subgroups with sedentary occupations, as they may be at increased risk for NWO-related health issues.

This paper aims to study the application of high-tolerance and flexible indigenous bacteria and fungi, along with the co-metabolism in recycled paper and cardboard mill (RPCM) wastewater treatment (WWT).

The molecular characterization of isolated indigenous bacteria and fungi was performed by 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Glucose was used as a cometabolic substrate to enhance the bioremediation process.

The highest removal efficiency was achieved for both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color [78% COD and 45% color removal by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW-2 (MZ603673), as well as approximately 70% COD and 48% color removal by Geotrichum candidum RW-4 (ON024394)]. The corresponding percentages were higher in comparison with the efficiency obtained from the oxidation ditch unit in the full-scale RPCM WWT plant.

Indigenous P. aeruginosa RW-2 and G. candidum RW-4 demonstrated effective capability in RPCM WWT despite the highly toxic and low biodegradable nature, especially with the assistance of glucose.

The purpose of this study was to the synthesis of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanocomposites and using it as an adsorbent for removal of diazinon from aqueous solutions. Structural characteristics of the synthesized magnetic nanocomposite were described by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

The effects of different parameters including pH (2-10), contact time (1-180 min), adsorbent dosage (100-2000 mg L⁻¹) and initial diazinon concentration (0.5–20 mg L⁻¹) on the removal processes were studied. Finally, isotherm and kinetic and of adsorption process of diazinon onto Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanocomposites were investigated.

The maximum removal efficiency of diazinon (96%) was found at 180 min with 1000 mg L⁻¹ adsorbent dosage using 0.5 mg L⁻¹ diazinon concentration at pH = 7. The experimental results revealed that data were best fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.971) and the adsorption capacity was 10.90 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption isotherm was accordant to Langmuir isotherm.

In the present study, the magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized and used as an absorbent for the removal of diazinon. The developed method had advantages such as the good ability of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanocomposites to remove diazinon from aqueous solution and the magnetic separation of this absorbent that make it recoverable nanocomposite. The other advantages of these nanocomposites are rapidity, simplicity and relatively low cost.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between innovative leadership and sustainable performance in the education sector. The present study also tested the moderation role of personality traits agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness in the relationship.

Data for the present study were collected from 209 university teachers. The employed sampling technique was convenience, and the sample size was calculated through the Kerjis–Morgan method. Furthermore, a survey method using a questionnaire was used in this study. For the data analysis, SPSS and SmartPLS were used.

The present study found that innovative leadership has a significantly positive relationship with sustainable performance. Results also confirmed the moderating effects of personality traits such as agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness.

The relationship between innovative leadership and sustainable performance for the first time in the education sector’s context. Secondly, this study contributed to the moderating role of personality traits such as agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness between innovative leadership and sustainable performance, which was a yet-to-explored phenomenon. The study model was tested through the combination of the big five-factor model and the theory of planned behaviour, which is another novelty of the study.

This study in Iran examined the role of internal and external psychological factors that affected green purchase intention. Moreover, it examined these variables' direct and indirect effects and green purchase intention on green purchase behavior.

An extended version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was employed, based on which a theoretical model was designed to reach the authors’ aim. An online questionnaire was used to collect data. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, the bootstrapping method and the Preschool Language Scale (PLS) product-indicator approach were conducted to test the proposed conceptual model.

Results show that self-identity, self-interest, self-efficacy and a growth mindset have a positive impact on green purchase intention. However, the study found no predictive effect from peer influence and warm glow. In addition, self-efficacy and green purchase intention significantly affect green purchase behavior. The study reveals that green purchase intention substantially mediates the relationship between self-interest, growth mindset, warm glow and green purchase behavior. Further, warm glow moderates the impact of peer influence, self-identity and self-efficacy on green purchase intention. This study emphasizes the critical role of dispositional factors on green purchase intention and behavior.

Few studies consider the effect of the individual self, a growth mindset, a warm glow and peer influence on green purchase intention simultaneously. In addition, the authors introduced a different version of the TPB model. Further, this research also conducted how these variables, directly and indirectly, affect green purchase behavior.

The argument whether gold is a hedge or haven is a debatable issue. Mainly, hedge is a class of asset that is negatively correlated with another asset or portfolio on average. On the other hand, a safe haven is an asset or portfolio which is negatively correlated with another asset or portfolio at the time of market turmoil. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to take Saudi Arabia as an example to examine the relationship of gold price in Saudi Arabia with key determinants such as the stock market index, oil prices, exchange rate, interest rate and consumer price index (CPI) by application of the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL).

The ARDL analysis was employed by using six variables based on the application of monthly time series data that were collected from 2011 to 2015.

From the present analysis, it has been discovered that gold is useful as a portfolio hedge and as a hedge against inflation because it is not affected by the CPI. External factors, for example, financial crisis, may be harmful to the CPI, thus adding a certain percentage of gold in the investment portfolio may assist in decreasing the level of risk at the time of financial turmoil.

Because gold seems to be a useful portfolio hedge, as well as an inflation hedge, government policies to curb the import of gold may be futile. The present research suggests that policies that directly address the causes of inflation and provide alternative investment opportunities for retail investors may better serve the objective of decreasing gold imports.