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This study compared the motives and media consumption behaviours of American and South Korean spectators of Mixed Martial Arts. Significant cross-national differences were noted in sport interest, vicarious achievement, aesthetics, national pride and violence. Backward regression analyses indicated that sport interest, fighter interest and drama predicted media consumption at the American event, while sport interest, drama and adoration were significant predictors at the Korean event.

Many instances of surveyors' liability in negligence concern the errors of an individual made with regard to one property on one occasion. However, the increasing role of surveyors as part of a design or management team makes it necessary to consider the respective liabilities of the team members. Moreover, the continuing debate about relaxing the rules for turning surveyors' practices into companies will turn attention to the dividing line between individual and corporate responsibility.

The purpose of this paper was to identify social and behavioral factors responsible for panic buying during global pandemics such as COVID-19.

According to regulatory focus theory, behavior of individuals is regulated by two motivational systems – prevention and promotion. Prevention-focused behavior is motivated by security and safety needs and is associated with a strategic preference for vigilant means of goal pursuit. Prevention-focused vigilance is reflected in unwillingness to take risks and low ability to cope with uncertain environments and changing conditions. Promotion-focused behavior is motivated by growth and self-development needs and is associated with a strategic preference for eager means of goal pursuit. Promotion-focused eagerness is reflected in willingness to take risks and high ability to cope with uncertainty and change. Two studies tested the notion that panic buying during public health crises such as COVID-19 is related to the strength of the prevention system, perceived scarcity of products, perceived threat of the disease, age and gender.

Study 1 showed that the higher the perceived scarcity of products, the higher was the probability that panic buying would set in. Yet, different patterns emerged for men and women. Among women, the stronger the prevention focus, the stronger was the effect. Among men, by contrast, the stronger the prevention focus, the weaker was the effect. Study 2 showed that the higher the perceived threat of the disease, the higher was the probability that panic buying would occur. However, different patterns were observed with age. Among older adults, the stronger the prevention focus, the stronger was the effect. Among young adults, by contrast, the stronger the prevention focus, the weaker was the effect.

Implications to address erratic consumer behavior during future pandemics are discussed.

By applying the theory of regulatory focus to consumer marketing, this research helps to identify marketing strategies to manage panic buying and develop contingency plans that address erratic consumer behavior during future pandemics.

One of the most important questions involving professional liability is the extent to which a contractual client alleging lack of care and skill is able to sue in the tort of negligence besides any action for breach of the contract itself. In recent years this notion of concurrent liability seems to have gained almost universal acceptance among the English judiciary. However, as the following discussion will show, there is increasing evidence of dissatisfaction with the imposition of such a dual burden. This paper considers the policy arguments for and against concurrent liability, explains the significance of the issue in relation to limitation periods, measure of damages and contributory liability, and assesses the impact of the most recent cases upon the professional's position.

The recent revisions of the EEC Treaty brought about by the implementation of the Single European Act in July 1987 make it timely to consider the position of the surveyor in the context of EEC law. It may be tempting to cast aside such provisions as somehow secondary or peripheral, but this would be an unfortunate mistake. This article explores the relevance of EEC law to the surveyor at three levels:

Five years ago, Junior Books v Veitchi [1983] 1 AC 520; 2/1 SS 58 was feared by professionals to be the opening salvo by the courts in an attack which would expand the scope of tort rights at the expense of the sanctity of contractual arrangements. Since then, however, most courts have found ways of ignoring, side‐stepping or rewriting that infamous House of Lords judgment. Recent decisions by the Court of Appeal provide strong evidence that the most far‐reaching implications of Junior Books have been resisted. Indeed, it will be seen that the relationship of tort and contract may be even less favourable to Plaintiffs today than it was in the period immediately prior to that landmark.

In general terms, the law of negligence is more concerned with positive acts than omissions. Failure to help your neighbour in distress is usually no tort, even though it might not earn any moral approval. The rising incidence of vandalism and theft has led to a spate of cases in which the courts have been required to consider this general principle. In a typical situation, property owned by D may be empty or lacking in security measures. X, as an independent third party, then uses D's property to secure unlawful access to the property of P, the Plaintiff.

The House of Lords has just taken a bulldozer to defective premises law in the shape of D. & F. Estates v Church Commissioners [1988] 3 WLR 368, which will be published in the next issue of the Journal. The facts were reported fully in Structural Survey 6/3 when the Court of Appeal considered the case, but relate mainly to defective plastering carried out by subcontractors. The owners and occupiers of the premises unsuccessfully sued the main contractors for failing to supervise the subcontractors. This point was fairly narrow, but the House of Lords took the opportunity to declare its new views on building law generally. Textbook writers and practitioners, who have become accustomed to working with Anns v London Borough of Merlon [1978] AC 728 and its successors, will need to take considerable notice of the resulting picture.

In the three years since the position of local authorities in negligence was last considered in this journal (SS 2/4), there has been a considerable turnaround in judicial attitudes. Far from being every Plaintiff's favourite Defendant in defective building cases, the current state of the law reflects a more limited liability. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the way in which this has occurred and the problems that still dog the area.