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The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of Money Laundering Reporting Officers (MLROs) in combating money laundering in Zambia's commercial banks.

Questionnaires were administered to MLROs in all commercial banks in Zambia as well as guided oral interviews.

The paper found that commercial banks in Zambia have generally complied with the Bank of Zambia AML directives of 2004 and they have taken AML laws and regulations very seriously. Support from senior management and board of directors is overwhelming. AML activities, in most banks, are incorporated in compliance departments and bank operations. However, some MLROs are not adequately trained and qualified to meet the demands of their positions. Further, some external factors have impacted negatively on the performance of MLRO. These factors include lack of feedback from the Anti‐Money Laundering Investigations Unit (AMLIU) and the snail's pace at which investigations are carried out.

The implications of these findings is that commercial banks should invest more resources in training MLROs and ensure that they are elevated to international standards. Such standards include certifications as money laundering experts.

MLROs are key to the AML regime all over the world. It is hoped that this study will encourage similar studies in other countries, particularly in Africa.

Assesses the approach of London’s city banks towards the UK money laundering regulations, based on interviews with their Money Laundering Reporting Officers (MLROs(; the questions to the MLROs concerned their position in the bank, their attitudes to the regulations, the main benefits and costs for the bank of compliance with the regulations, and the type of anti‐money laundering training organised by the bank. Found that 27% of the MLROs had generally positive attitudes to the regulations and 40% had balanced or neutral attitudes; the 33% negative attitudes often involved the “know your customer” rules. Concludes that these banks take their anti‐money laundering responsibilities very seriously since the Financial Services Authority has new powers to prosecute non‐compliance; larger banks tended to have more positive attitudes than small or medium size banks. Recommends specific measures for optimising compliance.

Government and IT ‐ In spite of all the lip service paid by Government to making a business of information and encouraging increases in the amount of information available online, the Department of Trade is still indulging in foot dragging about online access to tradenames. Since 1979, tradenames have been held on computer and I was told in that year (NLW, November 1979) by the Department of Trade that an index to tradenames would be produced shortly and sold to libraries and others on COM‐fiche. Now two computer indexes are poised for the public market, but it seems the Department of Trade is once again playing a will we? won't we? game, because if the Department went online, the others might not bother. The first independent computer data base is with Datema Limited who have carried out very successful field trials with Laurence Tagg in Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne Business Library, as well as at Sheffield and the Science Reference Library; the second data base is with Compu‐Mark (UK) Limited in London.

THE following list of contracts placed by the Air Ministry during July is extracted from the August issue of The Ministry of Labour Gazette :—

IN dealing with the subject of school libraries at a meeting of educationalists, it will be quite unnecessary to advance any arguments in praise of reading. I do not anticipate that any here will attempt to controvert the dicta of the greatest minds on the benefits to be derived from reading. Rather would I sound a note of warning. After all that has been said in praise of books and reading, of the pleasures and profit reading can bring, there is nothing with which you have to deal in the present day that calls for more careful regulation, more vigilant watchfulness. Printing, like all other good things, is not an unmixed blessing; for while bestowing blessings with one hand, it distributes something very like curses with the other. Just think for one moment of the enormous mass of garbage that is daily turned out by the Press—the halfpenny “funnies” and “comics,” and the still more objectionable “stories.” These are the things which fall into the hands of children at the most impressionable period of their lives, and exercise the most lamentable influence on their future character. That is the darker side of the picture, but it is there that the influence and guidance of the teacher is more urgently required. The great argument in favour of school or juvenile libraries is that children shall have access to good books; that by the help of the teacher they shall learn to so enjoy and appreciate the good that they will instinctively reject the bad. It is very desirable if you wish to take full advantage of your opportunities that you should acquire some general knowledge of juvenile literature. I do not mean that you should lay yourselves out to read all the books; life is much too short; but there is a method of skipping through a book which is well known to librarians and, I believe, also to reviewers, by which it is possible to quickly gain an insight of its contents, the author's style and manner of treatment, which will be quite sufficient for your purpose. Beware, I beseech you, of the goody‐goody style of books of a generation ago; present day children won't read them (I very much doubt if children ever did, I didn't). You will probably be impressed with the dearth of good, healthy girls' books; but that need not trouble you, they will read and enjoy the books provided for their brothers.

This paper aims to examine the migrant dilemma about operating extensively in migrant enclaves vs integration in host communities.

The paper is a critical literature review contrasting views and perspectives of the role of migrant enclaves in migrant integration and contribution in new societies. Research in the area of ethnic enclaves has been polarised: on the one hand, the optimists argue the critical benefits of migrant and ethnic community networks, thus downplaying potential drawbacks of such networks and the disadvantage externally imposed on migrants; on the other hand, the pessimists overemphasise the disadvantages of ethnic enclaves, portraying them as ghettos of alienation.

Based on the social solidarity integration model and immigrant-host and social interaction theory, the paper posits that migrant community networks could intentionally or unintentionally engender cultural alienation, worsening an already precarious educational, cultural and economic exclusion. Thus, migrants could remain in lower societal roles and experience limited upward social mobility if they operate exclusively within migrant and ethnic networks. However, ethnic enclaves, at the same time, offer the initial psychological nurturing on which future successful socialisation work with migrant communities can be built.

From a research angle, the theorisation of migrant enclave requires a new approach, which identifies dynamism and contextualisation as central to the debate.

From a policy perspective, the research suggests the rethinking of the role of community support systems (and the wider enclave debate). The organisational implications the research suggests a shift of the organisational paradigm in the way migrant organisations manage themselves and support members in the enclave.

This paper’s contribution is to take a duality approach to studying the ethnic enclave and posits that this will engender effective social policy that helps reduce economic inequality.

In the last article the first process in the manufacture of soap was described, the stage having been reached at which a somewhat impure “soap” had been produced, which still, however, contained all the bye‐products of the reaction, but which also, under most circumstances, would contain some of the original raw material, i.e., the fat and the alkali which had not yet been transformed into soap.

DEAR SIR,—Failing being able to provide a really well equipped Reference Library, does it not seem a pity to waste the few funds at the disposal of the average public librarian in a desperate attempt to provide a collection of local books, with the forlorn hope of stimulating interest in the department, or in buying a handful of standard reference works for the benefit of those “serious” readers who frequent the library?

For many years, science fiction has been perceived as “rayguns and rocket ships” boys' literature. Any number of impressionistic and statistical studies have identified the typical SF reader as male, between the ages of twelve and twenty and, in the case of adults, employed in some technical field. Yet I continually find myself having conversations with women, only to find that they, like myself, began reading science fiction between the ages of six and ten, have been reading it voraciously ever since, and were often frustrated at the absence of satisfying female characters and the presence of misogynistic elements in what they read. The stereotype of the male reader and the generally male SF environment mask both the increasing presence of women writers in the field of science fiction and the existence of a feminist dialog within some SF novels. This dialog had its beginnings in the mid‐sixties and is still going strong. It is the hope of the feminist SF community that this effacement can be counteracted.

The decision of the Wolverhampton Stipendiary in the case of “Skim‐milk Cheese” is, at any rate, clearly put. It is a trial case, and, like most trial cases, the reasons for the judgment have to be based upon first principles of common‐sense, occasionally aided, but more often complicated, by already existing laws, which apply more or less to the case under discussion. The weak point in this particular case is the law which has just come into force, in which cheese is defined as the substance “usually known as cheese” by the public and any others interested in cheese. This reliance upon the popular fancy reads almost like our Government's war policy and “the man in the street,” and is a shining example of a trustful belief in the average common‐sense. Unfortunately, the general public have no direct voice in a police court, and so the “usually known as cheese” phrase is translated according to the fancy and taste of the officials and defending solicitors who may happen to be concerned with any particular case. Not having the general public to consult, the officials in this case had a war of dictionaries which would have gladdened the heart of Dr. JOHNSON; and the outcome of much travail was the following definition: cheese is “ coagulated milk or curd pressed into a solid mass.” So far so good, but immediately a second definition question cropped up—namely, What is “milk?”—and it is at this point that the mistake occurred. There is no legal definition of new milk, but it has been decided, and is accepted without dispute, that the single word “milk” means an article of well‐recognised general properties, and which has a lower limit of composition below which it ceases to be correctly described by the one word “milk,” and has to be called “skim‐milk,” “separated milk,” “ milk and water,” or other distinguishing names. The lower limits of fat and solids‐not‐fat are recognised universally by reputable public analysts, but there has been no upper limit of fat fixed. Therefore, by the very definition quoted by the stipendiary, an article made from “skim‐milk” is not cheese, for “skim‐milk” is not “milk.” The argument that Stilton cheese is not cheese because there is too much fat would not hold, for there is no legal upper limit for fat; but if it did hold, it does not matter, for it can be, and is, sold as “Stilton” cheese, without any hardship to anyone. The last suggestion made by the stipendiary would, if carried out, afford some protection to the general public against their being cheated when they buy cheese. This suggestion is that the Board of Agriculture, who by the Act of 1899 have the legal power, should determine a lower limit of fat which can be present in cheese made from milk; but, as we have repeatedly pointed out, it is by the adoption of the Control system that such questions can alone be settled to the advantage of the producer of genuine articles and to that of the public.