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Three residential colleges located in a university campus at the capital city of Kuala Lumpur and built in different decades were selected for landscape studies with respect to species and position of the trees, as well as the effects of the current landscapes as a shelter in reducing solar radiation on buildings, as a pre-assessment for the Low Carbon Cities Framework (LCCF) and assessment system. These landscape designs were carefully studied through on-site observation. The name and location of the matured plants were redrawn and visualised with standard normal photographs. The studies revealed that the old residential college landscape is dominated by tropical forest trees which are able to provide a significant shade to the buildings and offered a potential to achieve sustainable development due to a higher rate of carbon sequestration. While, palm and hybrid fruit plants were most extensively cultivated in the landscape of new residential colleges due to low maintenance and being fast growing.

At the upper end of the authorty's formal education structure, the higher education branch encompasses the middle tier technical colleges, the aided colleges, teacher training, and the proposed polytechnics. Assistant education officer E. Walker has at his disposal 18 technical colleges and schools of art, nine commercial colleges, 11 aided colleges and nine colleges of education. Excluding the colleges of education, the other colleges have a combined student load of over 154 000. Among the maintained colleges are the London College of Printing (unique in England), the art schools of Chelsea, Camberwell, Central, Hammersmith and St Martin's, and the monotechnic colleges for building (Brixton), distribution, fashion, furniture and clothing.

This paper presents the EC funded Climbing and walking robotics project and its activities to encourage the development of a common framework to assist researchers and companies to focus at the component level to make the required innovations. An open modular philosophy is felt to be needed to allow the robotics technology to evolve so that the wide and growing range of service applications can be adequately supported. The current and future planned activities are briefly described.

The optimal control of the steady‐state temperature distribution in radiating panels using control heat sources is considered. The problem has important applications in the thermal control of space structures. A mathematical model leads to an elliptic nonlinear optimal control problem. A numerical optimal control method, based on finite element (FE) discretization and sequential quadratic programming (SQP), is employed. Results are presented for some specific examples.

To explain education in London is at the the same time to outline the history and development of much of the nation's educational progress since the 1870 Education Act. It is also to attempt to grasp an administrative phenomenon that encompasses a population of over three million people yet retains a very real identity first through the old LCC, and now through the ILEA.

Introduction Perhaps the most significant economic transformation within the last three decades has been the internationalization of business. From the modest levels of the 1950s, the volume of world trade has exploded to over $2 trillion, and the sales of foreign affiliates of US firms have reached $500 billion by 1983 (Terpstra 1983). Yet, even in the light of accelerated efforts to further stimulate US exporters (e.g., the Export Trading Company Act of 1982), a recent Dunn and Bradstreet survey showed that less than 1% of the US firms had engaged in exporting in 1982 (Trade Marks, 1983). Similarly, the International Trade Administration of the US Department of Commerce has lamented that only 5% of all US manufacturers will have engaged in export marketing in 1984.

‘Whatever else happens in British industry this year, one thing is certain — 1965 will go down as industrial training year.’

There has been a considerable growth of interest in climbing and walking robots since the first international conference in Brussels last year. The two‐day event at Portsmouth University attracted speakers from 20 countries, a number of whom were able to report on machines that have been built and successfully tested, and in some cases are under evaluation in industry. Supporting these from the end of academic research were papers dealing with simulation, control, locomotion, teleoperation, navigation, sensing and other aspects. Much of the work is being funded by the European Commission under the Brite‐Euram programme. The conference was preceded by a workshop day and included a small industrial exhibition.

At its first meeting, which was held on 4th June at the Ministry of Labour, the Central Training Council reviewed progress made in the establishment of Training Boards. Arrangements to enable the first four — engineering, construction, iron and steel and wool textiles — to start work soon were almost complete.

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of formal religion in the early years of Outward Bound, a significant outdoor education organisation in Britain, from the 1940s to the 1960s.

This article is based on archival and other documentary research in various archives and libraries, mostly in the United Kingdom.

The article shows that religious “instruction” was a central feature of the outdoor education that Outward Bound provided. The nature and extent of this aspect of the training was a matter of considerable debate within the Outward Bound Trust and was influenced by older traditions of muscular Christianity as well as the specific context of the early post–Second World War period. However, the religious influences at the schools were marginalised by the 1960s; although formal Christian observances did not disappear, the emphasis shifted to the promotion of a vaguer spirituality associated with the idea that “the mountains speak for themselves”.

The article establishes the importance of organised Christianity and formal religious observances in the early years of Outward Bound, a feature which has generally been overlooked in the historical literature. It contributes to wider analyses of outdoor education, religious education and secularisation in the mid-twentieth century.