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The purpose of this paper is to propose some a posteriori residual error estimators (REEs)to evaluate the accuracy of the finite element method for quasi-static electromagnetic problems with mixed boundary conditions. Both classical magnetodynamic A-ϕ and T-Ω formulations in harmonic case are analysed. As an example of application the estimated error maps of an electromagnetic system are studied. At last, a remeshing process is done according to the estimated error maps.

The paper proposes to analyze the efficiency of numerical REEs in the case of magnetodynamic harmonic formulations. The deal is to determine the areas where it is necessary to improve the mesh. Moreover the error estimators are applied for structures with mixed boundary conditions.

The studied application shows the possibilities of the residual error estimators in the case of electromagnetic structures. The comparison of the remeshed show the improvement of the obtained solution when the authors compare with a reference one.

The paper provides some interesting results in the case of magnetodynamic harmonic formulations in terms of potentials. Both classical formulations are studied.

The paper provides some informations to develop the proposed formulations in the software using finite element method.

The paper deals with the possibility to improve the determination of the meshes in the analysis of electromagnetic structure with the finite element method. The proposed method can be a good solution to obtain an optimal mesh for a given numerical error.

The paper proposes some elements of solution for the numerical analysis of electromagnetic structures. More particularly the results can be used to determine the good meshes of the finite element method.

In this paper, the aim is to propose a residual‐based error estimator to evaluate the numerical error induced by the computation of the electromagnetic systems using a finite element method in the case of the harmonic A‐φ formulation.

The residual based error estimator used in this paper verifies the mathematical property of global and local error estimation (reliability and efficiency).

This estimator used is based on the evaluation of quantities weakly verified in the case of harmonic A‐φ formulation.

In this paper, it is shown that the proposed estimator, based on the mathematical developments, is hardness in the case of the typical applications.

This paper aims to propose a method to create 3-D finite element meshes automatically using the Delaunay tetrahedralization with the weighted node density technique. Using this method, the adaptive finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out for the calculation of the magnetic field of an eddy current verification model to clarify the usefulness of the method. Moreover, the error evaluation function for the adaptive FEA was also discussed.

The method to create the 3-D finite element meshes using the Delaunay tetrahedralization is realized by the weighted node density technique, and Zienkiewicz-Zhu’s error estimator is used as the error evaluation function of the adaptive FEA.

The magnetic flux density vectors on the node in the error evaluation function for the adaptive FEA should be calculated with the weighted average by the reciprocal of the volume of elements.

This paper describes the method to create 3-D finite element meshes and the comparison among calculation methods of the magnetic flux density vectors on the node for the error estimator.

The purpose of this paper is to present numerical investigations of the flow dynamic characteristics of a 47° Ahmed Body to identify wake flow control strategy leading to drag coefficient reduction, which could be tested later on sport utility vehicles.

This study begins with a mean flow topology description owing to dynamic and spectral analysis of the aerodynamic tensor. Then, the sparse promoting dynamic modal decomposition method is discussed and compared to other modal approaches. This method is then applied on the wall and wake pressure to determine frequencies of the highest energy pressure modes and their transfers to other frequency modes. This analysis is then used to design appropriated feedback flow control strategies.

This dynamic modal decomposition highlights a reduced number of modes at low frequency which drive the flow dynamics. The authors especially notice that the pressure mode at a Strouhal number of 0.22, based on the width between feet, induces aerodynamic losses close to the rear end. Strategy of the proposed control loop enables to dampen the energy of this mode, but it has been transferred to lower frequency mode outside of the selected region of interest.

This analysis and methodology of feedback control shows potential drag reduction with appropriated modal energy transfer management.

In FEM computations, the mesh quality improves the accuracy of the approximation solution and reduces the computation time. The dynamic bubble system meshing technique can provide high-quality meshes, but the packing process is time-consuming. This paper aims to improve the running time of the bubble meshing by using the advantages of parallel computing on graphics processing unit (GPU).

This paper is based on the analysis of the processing time on CPU. A massively parallel computing-based CUDA architecture is proposed to improve the bubble displacement and database updating. Constraints linked to hardware considerations are taken into account. Finally, speedup factors are provided on test cases and real scale examples.

The numerical experiences show the efficiency of parallel performance reaches a speedup of 35 compared to the serial implementation.

This contribution is so far limited to two-dimensional (2D) geometries although the extension to three-dimension (3D) is straightforward regarding the meshing technique itself and the GPU implementation. The authors’ works are based on a CUDA environment which is widely used by developers. C\C++ and Java were the programming languages used. Other languages may of course lead to slightly different implementations.

This approach makes it possible to use bubble meshing technique for both initial design and optimization, as excellent meshes can be built in few seconds.

Compared to previous works, this contribution shows that the scalability of the bubble meshing technique needs to solve two key issues: reach a T(N) global cost of the implementation and reach a very fast size map interpolation strategy.

This paper aims to guide the implementation of noise reduction measures in hoistway and reduce the aerodynamic noise generated by elevator operation, this paper aims to propose an aerodynamic noise analysis method that can solve the flow field in hoistway.

A turbulence-acoustic model solving the flow field in a hoistway and a numerical wind hoistway model of the ultra-high-speed elevator were established by using large eddy simulation (LES) and Curle acoustic theory.

The characteristics of pulsating flow field and aerodynamic noise around ultra-high-speed elevator are analyzed. The asymmetric characteristics of the flow field could be observed using the turbulent kinetic energy and the instantaneous vortexes in the wind hoistway model. Vortex shedding, air flow separation and recombination around the car were the key factors for aerodynamic noise generation. The sound pressure level was approximately linear to the logarithm of car speed. The increase of car deflection angle in a certain range would reduce the peak frequency of wake noise and increase the sound pressure level (SPL) value.

This paper provides important guidance for researches studying the aerodynamic noise in the hoistway and the technical personnel that look for the reduction measures, which greatly improves the shortcomings in the numerical simulation of the aerodynamic noise of the hoistway.

This study aims to achieve optimum flow separation control for a road vehicle using a reverse flow fan on rear side.

A full-length reverse flow fan array (fan’s air speed is 50% of the car’s speed) is attached throughout the width of the vehicle at rear edge corner.

The reverse flow fan array positioned at rear edge of car pushes the airflow against the car’s rear window. It creates the recirculation region and alters the pressure distribution. This reduces the lift coefficient by 150%, which becomes the downforce and reduces the drag coefficient by 22%. As the car speed increases, fan speed should also be increased for effective flow control.

This active flow control method for 3D Ahmed car body has been studied computationally at low speed (40 m/s).

This design increases the downforce, thus gives better cornering speed and stability, and decreases the drag which improves fuel efficiency. It can be used for effective flow control of cars (hatchback/sedan). The findings can be applied to the bluff bodies, road vehicles, UAV and helicopter fuselage for flow separation control.

The fan array is attached on car’s rear side, which blows air against the car’s rear window. It alters the pressure distribution and aerodynamics forces favorably. But the existing high-speed fan used in a sports cars sucks the air from bottom and pushes it rearward, which increases both the traction force and drag.

A l'époque, l'O.E.C.E. a, seule des organisations internationales gouvernementales existantes, reconnu l'importance des questions du tourisme. Elle l'a admis dès le début de son activité — qui remonte à 1948 — et elle a incorporé le tourisme dans son plan de relèvement économique de l'Europe, parce que le développement des échanges touristiques intraeuropéens et atlantiques — si l'on peut dire — est apparu être, tout à la fois, une des conditions de la reconstruction économique européenne et un de ses objectifs importants.

Le problème de la concentration — partant, de rallongement et de l'étalement des saisons touristiques constitue un des plus importants et en même temps des plus cruciaux qui intéressent les milieux liés directement ou indirectement au mouvement touristique.

Examines the problems to be considered when looking at the operation planning of a disassembly factory. Discusses the recycling network comprising the manufacturers, consumers, disassembly plants and the recycling plants in which the disassembly plants are considered as dismantlers and waste management providers. Looks at the need to establish a methodology for operation planning and controlling of discarded complex products. Concludes that disassembly of obsolete products is a challenge to flexible automation and that fully integrated solutions, enabling the automatic design of environmentally conscious products and recovery processes are the first step towards advanced disassembly systems.